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Genetics
Leaving cert ag science terms
| Defintion | Explanation |
|---|---|
| A. I | Artificial insemination – when semen is inserted into the vagina via a straw |
| Artificial selection | Selective breeding by man to select the best characteristics of an animal or plant |
| Allele | Different form of the same gene |
| Anaphase | Stage in mitosis where the spindle fibres contract and the chromosomes are pulled apart, toward the poles of the cell |
| Binary fission | Asexual reproduction Another name for the method of reproduction of bacteria Produces identical daughter cells |
| Back cross | A test to determine if the genotype of an individual with a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous |
| Clone | An animal or plant that is genetically identical to the parent |
| Chromosome | Long molecule made up of proteins and DNA, found in the nucleus |
| Cross breeding | Mating two different species, breeds or varieties |
| Continuous variation | Combined effect of many genes e.g. height |
| Diploid | Full set of chromosomes e.g. 46 in humans |
| Drosophilia | Flies used in genetics experiments due to * Short life cycle * Large number of offspring * 4 chromosomes and know mutations |
| Dominant | Trait will always be expressed in the phenotype if present. Represented by capital letter |
| DNA | Sequence of bases which when combined in a specific way will form genes |
| Embryo transfer | Treatment of donor and recipient females with hormones. Egg fertilised from donor cow and implanted in recipient cow to carry foetus |
| Free martin | When a heifer and bull calf twins share the same placenta in the uterus, testosterone from the male calf prevents to correct development of the female calves reproductive organs à infertile |
| Gamete | Another word for sex cell e.g. sperm or egg |
| Gene | Section of a chromosome which controls a specific trait or codes for a specific protein |
| Genotype | The genetic make of an individual. Always uses letter e.g. Ll or Aa |
| Genetically modified organism | Organisms created by placing a gene from one species into another other e.g. making blight resistant potatoes |
| Haploid | Half set of chromosomes e.g. 23 in human sperm /egg |
| Hermaphrodite | Contains both male and female sex organs |
| Heterozygous | Have one dominant and one recessive trait in the genotype e.g. Aa |
| Homozygous | Have two of the same types of traits in a genotype e.g. AA or aa |
| Hybrid vigour | The best of both qualities from each parent |
| Incomplete dominance | Neither allele in the genotype is dominant over the other e.g. roan coat in cattle or snap dragons |
| Interphase | Preparation stage for mitosis |
| Inbreeding | Mating related animals |
| Lethal gene | Gene which of present will mean the death of the organism |
| Metaphase | Stage in mitosis where the spindle fibres for and the chromosomes line up along the equator |
| Mutation | Change in the normal sequence of DNA Cell division which produces 4 haploid daughter cells. Produces gametes. |
| Meiosis | Cell division which produces 4 haploid daughter cells. Produces gametes. |
| Mitosis | Cell division which produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair |
| Micro propagation | Also known as tissue culture. Rapidly producing large number of progeny from stock plants which are genetically identical |
| Multiple alleles | Several forms of the same genes e.g. A,B, O blood groups |
| Progeny testing | The characteristics of the progeny of different bulls are recorded e.g. growth rates and FCR from animals housed in similar housing and conditions |
| Prophase | Stage in mitosis when the chromatids contract forming chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down |
| Performance testing | Performance of bulls is recorded for bulls housed in similar housing and with similar conditions e.g. growth rate, FCR and confirmation |
| Polyploidy | Cells which contain 3 or more sets of chromosomes |
| Phenotype | Physical expression of a gene e.g. coat colour |
| Pedigree animal | Process of selective breeding with a record of the lineage/ history of the animal is recorded. Usually register with a society |
| Recessive | Trait which is masked if dominant trait is present |
| Somatic cell | Another name for a non sex cell |
| Sex linked | Traits which are associated with the X or Y chromosomes |
Created by:
msbrowne
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