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Intro to Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptions | The action or process of adapting or being adapted Solutions to ancestral problems Part of evolution psychology |
| Asylums | An institution offering shelter and support to people who are mentally ill Created in the late 16th & early 17th centuries First one was St. Mary of Bethlehem in London Treatment was to take them away from society |
| Behavioral neuroscience | Application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals. |
| Behaviorism | A school of psychology which proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives |
| Biological psychology | Studies the links between the brain, mind, and behavior You can study functions that involve learning, emotion, social behavior and mental illness Studying mental disorders |
| Clinical psychology | Psychotherapy, drug therapy, and criteria for diagnosing mental disorders Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health Promotion of psychological health |
| Cognitive psychology | Study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. A therapist uses this type of psychology. |
| Cognitive science | Theoretical framework for understanding the mind that gained credence in the 1950s. The movement was a response to behaviorism, which cognitivists said neglected to explain cognition. |
| Developmental psychology | Explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the lifespan Allows people to appreciate organisms A child growing up (what age they should walk, talk and eat certain foods) |
| Educational psychology | Study how students learn, the effectiveness or particular teaching techniques, the dynamics of school populations, and the psychology of teaching Understand special populations of students such as the academically gifted and those with special needs |
| Empiricism | Theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries John Locke |
| Evolution | The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth Change in a species overtime |
| Evolutionary psychology | The branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors |
| Forensic psychology | Blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice. Develop profiles of person who might have committed a particular crime |
| Functionalism | Influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. 19th century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts. Opposite of structuralism |
| Gestalt psychology | Maintains we perceive things as wholes rather than as parts |
| Health psychologists | Examines the role of the psychological factors in physical health and illness. How stress is linked to illness and immune function FDA - going to check the cleanliness of a restaurant |
| Humanistic psychology | A theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential |
| Industrial/organizational psychology | Industrial- matching employees to their job Organizational- make workers more productive |
| Introspection | Looking into one's own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience |
| Moral treatment | Established in the 1800’s Said they were ill and should be treated as medical patients with appropriate diagnosis and therapy |
| Natural selection | Differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype Favors one thing over another Charles Darwin Key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time |
| Nature through nurture | The position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do |
| Personality psychology | Studies what makes people unique Address questions such as whether our personal traits and dispositions change or stay the same from infancy to childhood to adulthood How certain things affect their judgement |
| Positive psychology | Scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning People want to live meaningful lives to create what’s best within themselves Think positive (People want to be the best they can possibly be) |
| Psychoanalysis | Psychological theory & therapy that aims to treat mental disorders Simin Freud |
| Psychology | The scientific study of thought and behavior |
| Psychophysics | Study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as lights, sound waves, and touch |
| Shamans | Person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits Exorcisms, prayers |
| Social psychology | Considers how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior Research of prejudice and racism look at how a person of one group perceives and treats people in other groups Why people are attracted to certain people |
| Sports psychology | Examines the psychological factors that affect performance and participation in sports and exercise Focus on improving athletic performance through techniques such as relaxation and visualizations What can help enhance athletic ability |
| Structuralism | 19th century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior |
| Trephination | Surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools Thought to let the demons out |
| John Locke | Knowledge and thought came from experience Receives information through the sensory organs Born with a clean slate (Blank mind) Empiricism |
| John Watson | Behavioralism You have to have a physical thing to study |
| B.F. Skinner | American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor and social philosopher Behavioralism- Created own version |
| Abraham Maslow | Focus on personal growth How they can help people become highest mentally Behaviorist |
| Carl Rogers | Focus on personal growth How they can help people become highest mentally Humanists Pushed people to full potential |
| Martin Seligman | American psychologist, educator and author of self help books. Avid promoter within the scientific community for the field of positive psychology Positive psychology Also a humanist |
| Max Wertheimer | Principles of Gestalt Psychology |
| Charles Darwin | Influenced functionalism Social Darwinism Strongest will survive |
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kristaj
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