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Med Term CH3
Med Term CH3 Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ankyl/o | crooked, bent, stiff |
| arthr/o | joint |
| burs/o | bursa |
| chondr/i, chondr/o | cartilage |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | skull |
| -desis | to bind, tie together |
| kyph/o | bent, hump |
| lord/o | curve, swayback, bent |
| -lysis | loosening or setting free |
| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow |
| oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o | bone |
| scoli/o | curved, bent |
| spondyl/o | vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone |
| synovi/o, synov/o | synovial membrane, synovial fluid |
| Bones (combining forms/ functions) | oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o, framework of body, protect internal organs, store calcium |
| Bone Marrow (combing forms/ functions) | myel/o, red bone marrow helps form red blood cells, yellow marrow stores fat. |
| Cartilage (combining forms/ functions) | chondr/o, creates smooth surface for motion w/in joints & protects ends of bones |
| Joints (combining forms/ functions) | arthr/o, work w/ muscles to make variety of motions possible |
| Ligaments (combining forms/ functions) | ligament/o, connect one bone to another |
| Synovial Membrane (combining forms/ functions) | synovi/o, synov/o, forms lining of synovial joints & secretes synovial fluid. |
| Synovial Fluid (combining forms/ functions) | synovi/o, synov/o, lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible. |
| Bursa (combining forms/ functions) | burs/o, cushions areas subject to friction during movement |
| ossification | at 3 months, cartilage begins to form bones via this process & continues through adolescence. |
| connective tissue | Bone is a form of this & 2nd hardest tissue in body. Dental enamel harder. |
| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| compact bone | aka cortical bone, is dense, hard, & very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. 75% of bone matter by weight |
| spongy bone | aka cancellous bone, porous & sponge-like, red bone marrow located here @ ends/ inner portion of long bones |
| long bones | femur & humerous |
| medullary cavity | central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone. Red/ yellow marrow stored |
| medullary | pertaining to the inner section |
| endosteum | tissue that lines the medullary cavity |
| red bone marrow | located in spongy bone, hemopoietic tissue mfg's red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, & thrombocytes |
| hemopoietic | pertaining to the formation of blood cells. Also hematopoietic |
| yellow bone marrow | fat storage area, located in medullary cavity of long bones. |
| bone marrow birth - adult | most marrow is red from birth through early adolescences, then approx 1/2 gradually replaced by yellow |
| cartilage | smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber btw bones. More elastic than bone |
| articular cartilage | covers surfaces of bones where they articulate or come together to form joints. Smooth joint movements, bone protection |
| meniscus | curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints like knee & temporomandibular joint of jaw |
| diaphysis | shaft of long bone |
| epiphyses | wider ends of long bones such as femurs. Protected w/ articular cartilage |
| proximal epiphysis | end of bone located nearest to midline |
| distal epiphysis | end of bone located farthest from midline |
| foramen | opening in bone through which blood vessels, nerves, ligaments pass. |
| Explain foramen magnum | spinal cord passes through this opening in the occipital bone at base of skull |
| process | normal projection on surface of bone that serves as attachment for muscle or tendon |
| mastoid process | bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears. |
| joints | aka articulations, place of union btw 2 or more bones. Classified by construction or degree of movement |
| fibrous joints | consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds bones tightly together. aka sutures in adults - no movement |
| fontanelles | aka soft spots present on newborn skull that allow passage through birth canal + growth in 1st yr. Sutures close w/ age |
| cartilaginous joints | allow only slight movement & consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Ex rib to sternum |
| pubic symphysis | allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. btw pubic bones in anterior of pelvis |
| synovial joint | created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. described based on motion |
| ball-and-socket joints | hips, shoulders, allow wide range of movement in many directions |
| hinge joints | knees, elbows, synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane |
| synovial capsule | component of s.joint that is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue resembling a sleeve as it surrounds joint |
| synovial membrane | component of s. joint that lines the capsule & secretes synovial fluid |
| synovial fluid | component of s.joint which flows w/in synovial cavity, acts as lubricant to make smooth movement of joint possible |
| ligaments | bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or joining bone to cartilage |
| bursa | fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas subject to friction like shoulder, elbow, knee |
| axial skeleton | Protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, & circulatory system. 80 bones of head & body. |
| axial skeleton 5 parts | bones of skull, ossicles of ears, hyoid bone (chin & thyroid), rib cage, vertebral column |
| 2 divisions of skeleton | axial and appendicular |
| appendicular skeleton | makes body movement possible & protects organs of digestion, excretion, & reproduction. 126 bones - upper/ lower extremeties |
| appendicular skeleton upper extremities | shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, hands |
| appendicular skeleton lower extremities | hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet |
| appendage | anything attached to major part of body |
| appendicular | referring to an appendage |
| extremity | terminal end of a body part such as arm or leg |
| bones of the skull | 8 form cranium, 14 form face, 6 in middle ear |
| cranium | skull, 8 bones, protects brain, joined by fibrous joints called sutures |
| frontal bone | cranial: anterior portion that forms forehead & houses sinuses/ eyeball socket |
| parietal bones | cranial: 2 of the largest bones of skull, form most of roof & upper sides of cranium |
| occipital bone | cranial: forms back part of skull & base of cranium |
| temporal bones | cranial: 2 form sides/ base of cranium |
| external auditory meatus | cranial: opening of external auditory canal of outer ear. Canal located w/in temporal bone on ea side of skull |
| meatus | external opening of a canal |
| sphenoid bone | cranial: irregular, wedge-shaped bone at base of skull. helps form base of skull & makes contact w/ all other cranial bones. |
| ethmoid bone | cranial: light, spongy bone located at roof & sides of nose. Separates nasal cavity from brain & is portion of orbits |
| orbit | bony socket that surrounds & protects each eyeball |
| auditory ossicles | 3 tiny bones located in ea middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes. |
| bones of the face | 14. Some contain air-filled cavities known as sinuses. |
| sinuses | lighten weight of skull |
| nasal bones | face: 2 form upper part of bridge of nose |
| zygomatic bones | face: cheekbones, articulate w/ front bone |
| maxillary bones | face: aka maxillae, form most of upper jaw |
| palatine bones | face: form the anterior part of hard palate of mouth & floor of nose |
| lacrimal bones | face: part of orbit @ inner angle |
| inferior conchae | face: thin, scroll-like bones that form part of interior of nose |
| vomer bone | face: forms base for nasal septum |
| nasal septum | cartilage wall that divides the 2 nasal cavities |
| mandible | face: jawbone, only movable bone of skull. Attached @ TMJ |
| TMJ | temporomandibular joint, where mandible attaches to skull |
| thoracic cavity | aka rib cage. Bony structure that protects heart & lungs. Ribs, sternum, upper portion of spinal column - neck to diaphragm |
| ribs | 12 pairs, aka costals, attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebra |
| true ribs | 1st 7 pair of ribs, attaching anteriorly to sternum |
| false ribs | 3 pairs of ribs after true ribs. Attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to sternum |
| floating ribs | last 2 pairs of ribs, after false ribs. Only attached posteriorly to vertebrae & not attached anteriorly |
| sternum | aka breast bone. Flat, dagger-shaped bone in middle of chest. |
| manubrium | bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum |
| bony of the sternum | aka gladiolus, bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum. Greek: straight sword |
| pectoral girdle | aka shoulder girdle, shoulders, which supports arms & hands. |
| clavicle | shoulder girdle: aka collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of sternum to scapula |
| scapula | shoulder girdle: aka shoulder blade |
| acromion | shoulder girdle: extension of scapula that forms the high point of shoulder. |
| humerous | arms: bone of upper arm |
| radius | arms: smaller & shorter bone in forearm on thumb side |
| ulna | arms: larger & longer bone of forearm, proximal end articulates with distal end of humerous to form elbow joint |
| olecranon process | aka funny bone, large projection on upper end of ulna, forms point of elbow & exposes a nerve that tingles when struck |
| bones of wrist | 8 carpals, form bony carpal tunnel passage |
| carpal tunnel | in wrist, median nerve & tendons of fingers pass through this tunnel |
| metacarpals | 5 bones in palm of hand |
| phalanges | 14 bones of fingers - singular phalanx (same w/ toes) |
| 3 bones in each finger | distal, middle, proximal (same w/ toes) |
| 2 bones in thumb | distal & proximal (same w/ toes) |
| spinal column | aka vertebral column, protects spinal cord & supports head/ body, 26 vertebrae. |
| vertebral | pertaining to the spinal column |
| structures of vertebra | body, lamina, foramen |
| body of vertebra | anterior portion that is solid to provide strength |
| lamina | posterior portion, transverse & spinous processes extend from this area & are attachments for muscles/ tendons |
| vertebral foramen | opening in middle of vertebra, allows spinal cord to pass through & protect spinal cord. |
| intervertebral disks | made of cartilage, separate & cushion the vertebrae from each other, shock absorbers & allow spinal column movement. |
| cervical vertebrae | 1st 7 set of vertebrae forming neck. C1-C7 |
| cervical | pertaining to the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae | 2nd set of 12 vertebrae after cervical, form outward curve of spine, each has pair of ribs attached, T1-T12 |
| thoracic | pertaining to the thoracic cavity |
| lumbar vertebrae | 3rd set of 5 vertebrae that form inward curve of lower spine, largest & strongest & bear most of body's weight, L1-L5 |
| lumbar | pertaining to the part of the back & sides btw ribs & pelvis |
| sacrum | next-to-last vertebrae, slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near base of spine that forms lower portion of back. |
| sacrum @ birth | 5 separate bones that fuse together in childhood to form 1 |
| coccyx | aka tailbone, last vertebrae, forms end of spine & made up of 4 sm vertebrae fused together. Coccyx: Greek, cuckoo (shape of beak) |
| pelvis | aka bony pelvis, protects internal organs & supports lower extremities. Includes pelvic girdle, sacrum, & coccyx |
| pelvic girdle | cup-shaped ring of bone @ lower end of trunk consisting of ilium, ischium, & pubis. |
| ilium | broad, blade-shaped bone that forms back & sides of pubic bone |
| sacroiliac | slightly movable articulation btw sacrum & posterior portion of ilium |
| ischium | forms lower posterior portion of pubic bone, bears weight of body when sitting |
| pubis | forms anterior portion of pubic bone, located just below urinary bladder |
| pubic bones @ birth | ilium, ischium, & pubis are separate, but fuse in childhood to form LT & RT pubic bones held together by pubic symphysis. |
| symphysis | place where 2 bones are closely joined |
| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint that unites LT & RT pubic bones. Allows slight movement btw bones. |
| acetabulum | aka hip socket, LG circular cavity in ea side of pelvis that articulates w/ head of femur to form hip joint |
| femurs | leg: largest bone in body, thigh bones, head articulates w/ acetabulum, neck is narrow area below head |
| femoral | pertaining to the femur |
| knees | leg: patella, popliteal, cruciate ligaments |
| patella | aka kneecap, bony anterior portion of knee |
| popliteal | posterior space behind knee where ligaments, vessels, & muscles for this joint are located |
| cruciate ligaments | make knee movements possible, anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments shaped like a cross |
| lower leg | tibia & fibula |
| tibia | aka shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg |
| fibula | smaller of the 2 bones of lower leg |
| ankles | joints that connect lower leg to foot & make movement possible. |
| tarsals | 7, similar to bones of wrist but much stronger & larger |
| malleolus | rounded bony projection on tibia & fibula on each side of ankle joint |
| talus | ankle bone that articulates w/ tibia & fibula |
| calcaneous | aka heel bone, largest of tarsal bones |
| metatarsals | 5 that form part of foot to which toes are attached |
| chiropractor | DC, Doctor of Chiropractic, specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of spine |
| manipulative treatment | manually adjusting positions of the bones |
| orthopedic surgeon | DO, Doctor of Osteopathy, uses traditional med treatments in addition to spinal manipulation. aka osteropathy |
| osteopathy | DO, Doctor of Osteopathy OR any bone disease |
| podiatrist | DP, Doctor of Podiatry, specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders of foot (aka DPM) |
| rheumatologist | physician who specializes in diagnosis & treatment of arthritis & disorders such as osteoporsis, fibromyalgia, & tendinitis |
| ankylosis | loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure. |
| mobility | being capable of movement |
| adhesive capsulitis | aka frozen shoulder, painful ankylosis of the shoulder, caused by adhesions making joint thicker & tighter |
| arthrosclerosis | stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly |
| Baker's cyst | aka popliteal cyst, fluid-filled sac behind knee. Usually from condition triggering production of excess synovial fluid. |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursa |
| chondromalacia | abnormal softening of cartilage |
| costochondritis | inflammation of cartilage that connects rib to sternum |
| hallux valgus | aka bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at base of great toe |
| hemarthrosis | blood w/in a joint, frequently due to joint injury, can happen taking blood thinners or clotting issues |
| polymyalgia | inflammatory disorder of muscles & joints characterized by pain & stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs. |
| rheumatica | Latin word for rheumatism, which is obsolete term for arthritis |
| sprain | occurs when ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn |
| synovitis | inflammation of synovial membrane that results in swelling & pain of affected joint |
| dislocation | aka luxation, total displacement of a bone from its joint |
| subluxation | partial displacement of bone from its joint |
| arthritis | inflammatory condition of one or more joints, more than 100 types |
| osteoarthritis | aka wear-and-tear arthritis, commonly associated w/ aging, characterized by hypertrophy of bone & formation of osteophytes |
| degenerative joint disease | oseoarthritis - wearing away of articular cartilage |
| degenerative | breaking down or impairment of body parts |
| osteophytes | bone spurs, associated with osteoarthritis |
| spondylosis | aka spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder causing loss of normal spinal structure & function |
| gout | aka gouty arthritis, deposits of uric acid crystals in joints, usually starting w/ big toe. Red, warm, excruciatingly sensitive |
| rheumatoid arthritis | aka RA, chronic autoimmune disorder where joints & some organs of other body systems attacked. |
| ankylosing spondylitis | form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of joints btw vertebrae. aka spondyloarthropathies |
| juvenile rheumatiod arthritis | JRA, autoimmune disorder 16 yr & under, stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue. most outgrow |
| herniated disk | aka slipped/ ruptured, the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots |
| lumbago | aka low back pain, pain of lumbar region of spine |
| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it |
| -listhesis | slipping |
| spina bifida | congenital defect that occurs in early pregnancy when spinal canal fails to close completely around spinal cord to protect it |
| spina | pertaining to the spine |
| bifida | split |
| kyphosis | aka humpback or dowager's hump, abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine as viewed from side |
| lordosis | aka swayback, abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of spine |
| avascular necrosis | aka osteonecrosis, bone tissue death from insufficient blood flow. most common in hip joint |
| craniostenosis | malformation of skull due to premature closure of cranial sutures |
| osteitis | or ostitis, an inflammation of bone |
| osteomalacia | aka adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults. Deficiency of vit D, calcium, &/or phosphate. |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow & adjacent bone. caused by a bacterial infections often originating elsewhere |
| Paget's disease | chronic bone disease of unknown cause. Abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine, legs. |
| periostitis | inflammation of the periosteum. Associated w/ shin splints. |
| rickets | deficiency disease occurring in children. Defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D. |
| short stature | formerly dwarfism, failure of bones of limbs to grow to appropriate length. 200 kinds, no more than 4'10" |
| talipes | aka clubfoot, any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones) |
| primary bone cancer | relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in bone. |
| malignant | becoming progressively worse & life-threatening |
| Ewing's sarcoma | tumor that occurs in bones of upper arms, legs, pelvis, or rib. Peak age 10-20 yr |
| secondary bone cancer | tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs. |
| metastasized | spread |
| myeloma | type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in red bone marrow. Causes pathologic fractures, usually fatal |
| osteochrondroma | benign bony projection covered w/ cartilage, tumor known as an exostosis |
| benign | something not life-threatening & does not recur |
| osteoporosis | marked loss of bone density & increase in bone porosity, associated w/ aging. |
| osteopenia | thinner-than-avg bone density. Doesn't have osteoporosis yet, but showing signs. Risk: aging, smoking, drinking, no calcium |
| osteoporosis-related fractures | compression, Colles', hip |
| compression fracture | aka vertebral crush fracture, occurs when bone is pressed together (compressed) on self. can develop dowager's hump |
| Colles' fracture | aka fractured wrist, occurs at lower end of radius when person tries to stop a fall |
| osteoporotic hip fracture | aka broken hip, caused by weakening of bones due to osteoporosis & spontaneous or from fall. |
| osteoporotic | pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones |
| fracture | aka broken bone |
| closed fracture | aka simple fracture, complete fracture, bone is broken but no open wound in the skin |
| open fracture | aka compound fracture, one in which bone is broken & there is open wound in the skin |
| comminuted fracture | bone is splintered or crushed. |
| comminuted | crushed into small pieces |
| greenstick fracture | aka incomplete fracture, bone is bent and only partially broken, primarily in children |
| oblique fracture | occurs at an angle across the bone |
| pathologic fracture | occurs when weakened bone breaks under normal strain. Weakened from disease or osteoporosis. |
| spiral fracture | bone has been twisted apart, severe twisting motion seen in sports |
| stress fracture | overuse injury, small crack in bone developing from chronic, excessive impact |
| transverse fracture | straight across bone |
| fat embolus | can form when long bone is fractured & fat cells from yellow marrow are released into blood |
| embolus | any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged & block the blood vessel |
| crepitation | aka crepitus, grating sound heard when ends of broken bone move together. Popping/ clicking of joints. |
| callus | formed as bone heals, bulging deposit around area of break. This tissue eventually becomes bone. OR thickening of skin |
| radiograph | aka x-ray, use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures & other abnormalities |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of internal structure of joint using arthroscope |
| bone marrow biopsy | diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or #'s of red/ white blood cells found in blood test |
| bone marrow aspiration | use of syringe to withdraw tissue from red bone marrow. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | MRI, used to image soft tissue |
| bone density testing | BDT, used to determine losses or changes in bone density. used to diagnose conditions like osteoporosis. |
| ultrasonic bone density testing | screening test for osteoporosis. Sound waves used to take measurements of calcaneus bone |
| dual x-ray absorptionmetry | DXA, low-exposure radiographic measurement of spine & hips to measure bone density - more accurate than ultrasonic |
| bone marrow transplant | BMT, used to treat certain types of cancers which affect bone marrow. 2 types: allogenic & autologous |
| allogenic bone marrow transplant | uses healthy bone marrow cells from compatible donor. |
| allogenic | originating within another |
| autologous bone marrow transplant | patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells that have been harvested, cleansed, treated, & stored before remaining destroyed |
| autologous | originating within an individual |
| orthotic | mechanical appliance, like shoe insert, leg brace, splint that is specially designed to control or correct |
| prosthesis | substitute for diseased or missing body part - like an amputated leg |
| arthrodesis | aka surgical ankylosis, surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint. |
| arthrolysis | surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint |
| -desis | to bind |
| -lysis | loosening or setting free |
| arthroscopic surgery | minimally invasive procedure for treatment of interior of a joint |
| chondroplasty | surgical repair of damaged cartilage |
| synovectomy | surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint. ex to repair joint damage |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a damaged joint, but has also come to mean the surgical placement of an artificial joint |
| implant | replacement part, prothesis |
| total knee replacement | TKR, aka total knee arthroplasty - all parts of knee replaced |
| partial knee replacement | PKR, only part of knee replaced |
| total hip replacement | THR, aka total hip arthroplasty - restores damaged hip to full function, femur head replaced w/ metal ball |
| hip resurfacing | alternative to removing head of femur - metal cap over head of femur for smoothness in acetabulum |
| revision surgery | replacement of worn or failed implant |
| percutaneous diskectomy | performed to treat herniated intervertebral disk. Thin tube through skin of back suctions out ruptured disk/ or vaporizes |
| percutaneous | performed through the skin |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures. Minimally invasive -bone cement injected to stabilize |
| laminectomy | surgical removal of lamina or posterior portion of vertebra |
| spinal fusion | technique to immobilize part of spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae |
| fusion | to joint together |
| craniectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the skull. Performed to treat craniostenosis or relieve intracranial pressure from brain swell |
| intracranial pressure | amount of pressure inside skull |
| craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into skull, to gain access to brain or relieve pressure |
| craniplasty | surgical repair of the skull |
| osteoclasis | surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity |
| -clasis | to break |
| ostectomy | surgical removal of bone |
| osteorrhaphy | surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones |
| osteotomy | surgical cutting of a bone |
| periosteotomy | incision through the periosteum to bone |
| closed reduction | aka manipulation, attempted realignment of bone involved in fracture or joint dislocation. |
| open reduction | when closed not practical, surgical procedure to realign bone parts |
| immobilization | aka stabilization, act of holding, suturing, or fastening bone in a fixed position w/ strapping or cast |
| traction | pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction to return bone/ joint to alignment |
| external fixation | fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through soft tissues & bone so an external appliance can hold together |
| internal fixation | aka open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), plate or pins placed directly into bone to hold broken pieces together. Not removed |
| BDT | bone density testing |
| CR | closed reduction |
| Fx | fracture |
| OA | Osteoarthritis |
| OP | osteoporosis |
| PKR | partial knee replacement |
| PMR | polymyalgia rheumatica |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
| THA | total hip arthroplasty |
| TKA | total knee arthroplasty |
Created by:
kld0519
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