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Chapter 04, MedTerms
Cells, Tissues, and Organs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | The energy compound of the cell that stores energy needed for cell activities |
| carbohydrates | The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches |
| cell | The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism, a microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root: cyt/o) |
| chromosome | A thread-like body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information |
| cytology | Study of cells |
| cytoplasm | The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | The genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes |
| enzyme | An organic substance that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction |
| gene | A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes |
| glucose | A simple sugar that circulates in the blood, the main energy source for metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o) |
| histology | Study of tissues |
| homeostasis | A steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy |
| lipid | A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root: lip/o) |
| membrane | A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that might cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate structures |
| metabolism | The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| mitosis | Cell division |
| mucus | A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous |
| organ | A part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system |
| nucleus | The cell's control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes (roots: nucle/o, kary/o) |
| organelle | A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell |
| protein | A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells |
| tissue | A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (roots: hist/o, histi/o); types include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue |
| plasma membrane | Outer layer of the cell, composed mainly of lipids and proteins |
| microvilli | Short extensions of the cell membrane |
| nucleolus | Small body in the nucleus; makes ribosomes |
| cytosol | Fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of membranes within the cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not |
| ribosomes | Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER, composed of RNA and protein |
| Golgi apparatus | Layers of membranes |
| mitochondria | Large organelles with internal folded membranes |
| lysosomes | Small sacs of digestive enzymes |
| peroxisomes | Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes |
| vesicles | Small, membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm |
| centrioles | Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus |
| surface projections | Structures that extend from the cell |
| cilia | Short, hair-like projections from the cell |
| flagellum | Long, whip-like extensions from the cell |
| morph/o | form |
| cyt/o, -cyte | cell |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| hist/o, histi/o | tissue |
| fibr/o | fiber |
| reticul/o | network |
| aden/o | gland |
| papill/o | nipple |
| myx/o | mucus |
| muc/o | mucus, mucous membrane |
| somat/o, -some | body, small body |
| blast/o, -blast | immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell |
| gen | origin, formation |
| phag/o | eat, ingest |
| phil | attract, absorb |
| plas | formation, molding, development |
| trop | act on, affect |
| troph/o | feeding, growth, nourishment |
| -ase | enzyme |
| -ose | sugar |
| hydr/o | water, fluid |
| gluc/o | glucose |
| glyc/o | sugar, glucose |
| sacchar/o | sugar |
| amyl/o | starch |
| lip/o | lipid, fat |
| adip/o | fat |
| steat/o | fatty |
| prote/o | protein |
| amino acids | The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins |
| anabolism | The type of metabolism in which body substances are made, the building phase of metabolism |
| catabolism | The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds |
| collagen | A fibrous protein found in connective tissue |
| cortex | The outer region of an organ |
| glycogen | A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles and broken down into glucose when needed for energy |
| interstitial | Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue |
| medulla | The inner region of an organ, marrow (root: medull/o) |
| parenchyma | The functional tissue of an organ |
| parietal | Pertaining to a wall, describes a membrane that lines a body cavity |
| soma | The body |
| stem cell | An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types, a precursor cell |
| visceral | Pertaining to the internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface of an organ |
| Levels of body organization | Chemicals: cells: tissues: organs: systems: organism |
| The function of circulation is operated by... | the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system |
| The function of nutrition and fluid balance is operated by... | the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system |
| The function of production of offspring is operated by... | the male and female reproductive systems |
| The function of coordination and control is operated by... | the nervous system and the endocrine system |
| The function of body structure and movement is operated by... | the skeletal system and the muscular system |
| The function of body covering is operated by... | the integumentary system |
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