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Psychology
Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Is the process by which our sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit information to the brain for reception. |
| Stimuli | Are external information in the environment that provokes a physiological or psychological activity or response. |
| Sensory receptors | Sense organs such as our tongue, nose, eyes contain sensory receptors that receive and process sensory information. |
| Reception | process of detecting & responding to incoming sensory information within the sensory organ. |
| Receptive fields | is an area of sensitivity within receptor cells. It is the area of space where a receptor can respond to a stimulus. |
| Tranduction | process where (sensory) receptors change the type of energy detected into electrochemical energy |
| Transmission | Process of sending sensory information as neural impulses to relevant areas of the brain via the thalamus. |
| Perception | Refers to the process by which we give meaning to sensory information. interpreting sensations. Our sensory systems ‘translate’ the sensations into information that is meaningful and useful. |
| Interpretation | The process in which incoming sensory information is given meaning to so that it can be understood. |
| Visual sensory system | Consists of the complete network of physiological structures involved in vision. |
| cornea | A transparent, convex-shape (curved outwards) covering which protects the eye and helps to focus light rays onto the retina at the back of the eye. |
| pupil | The pupil is not a structure in itself, but an opening in the iris that helps to control the amount of light entering the eye. |
| iris | a ring of muscles which expand or contract to change the size of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye. |
| lens | a transparent, flexible convex structure located immediately behind the pupil. Plays a major role in focussing light onto the retina. |
| ciliary muscle | These muscles expand and contract, enabling the lens to automatically bulge to focus nearby objects onto the retina and flatten to focus distant objects onto the retina. |
| retina | Receives and absorbs light and also processes image. the image focussed onto the retina is an inverted (upside down) and reversed (back to front) image of the object being viewed. |
| photoreceptors | Several layers of nerve tissue made up of different types of neurons that include light-sensitive visual receptor cells. |
| rods | Rods respond to very low levels of light and are primary responsible for night vision. |
| cones | Cones respond to high levels of light. they are primary responsible for our vision in well lit conditions. |
| fovea/macula | The centre of the eye. This is the most clear vision and highest concentration of cones. |
| optic nerve | Transmits visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex. The nerve exists the eye at the back of the retina, the same point where blood vessels enter. |
| blindspots | Refers to the fact that there are no photoreceptors on that small area of the retina, so light cannot be detected there. |
| primary visual cortex | |
| visual perception principles | Rules that we apply to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of the information in consistent and meaningful ways.These help to organize and make sense of visual information that is sometimes inconsistent or incomplete. |
| gestalt principles | The ways in which we organise the features of visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form. |
| closure | We close up, fill in, or ignore gaps and see the objects as complete. |
| camouflage | Camouflage confuses figure ground and occurs when figure and ground cannot be easily separated but blend together. |
| figure ground | The figure (object) stands out against less prominent ground (background). |
| similarity | We tend to see stimuli that are similar in size, shape, colour or form as forming a group. when similarity occurs , an object can be emphasized if it is dissimilar to the others. |
| proximity | Stimuli that are positioned close together are seen as forming a group. |
| Depth cues | Sources of information from the environment or form within our body that help us to perceive how far away objects are and therefore to perceive depth. |
| Depth perception | The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions. |
| binocular depth cue | Require 2 eyes working together. Most useful for objects that are relatively close. |
| convergence | When our 2 eyes turn inwards, eye our muscles change their tension. The greater the tension the closer the object, the smaller the tension toe further the object. |
| retinal disparity | 2 eyes in different places 6 or 7 cm apart, this causes a very slight difference in the location of the visual images on retinas. |
| monocular depth cue | Need only one eye, but work in both eyes. |
| accommodation | The shape of our lens changes to focus on near or distance object. Used for objects within 3 meters. |
| pictorial depth cue | Are external cues from the environment. |
| linear perspective | Parallel lines seem to get closer as they recede into the distance. the closer the lines appear to be, the more distant that part of the image is perceived. |
| interposition | One object partially obscures another. the partially obscured object is perceived to be further away than the object that obscures it. |
| texture gradient | Objects with clear fine detail appear closer. Those lacking detail appear further away. |
| relative size | The object that produces the smallest image on the retina is perceived as being further away. |
| Height in visual field | Objects that are located closer to the horizon are perceived as being more distant than objects located further away from the horizon. |
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