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marine biology
module 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| respiration | the use of energy from chemical reactions to maintain a organism |
| regulate | controlling the exchange of materials with the organisms environment |
| reproduce | organisms do this to pass their characteristics to their offspring |
| respond | a organism interacting with stimuli from their surroundings |
| metabolism | the process by which a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses its surroundings and uses t to sustain itself, develop, and grow |
| carbrohydrates | made from the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, include simple sugars, glucose, and starches (chains of simple sugars along with the components), the first group used for metabolism |
| chitin | a special type of carbohydrate used as a skeletal material |
| proteins | are another group of molecules involved in metabolism, are composed of very complex chains of building blocks called amino acids, which contain not only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but also nitrogen |
| amino acids | very complex chains of building blocks |
| lipids | a third group of molecules involved in metabolism, their main function is energy storage, ad forming fats and oils |
| nucleic acids | these chemicals store the basic information genetically transmitted to future generations, are made up of nucleotides, which are made from a simple sugar, phosphorus, and nitrogen |
| nucleotides | the building blocks of nucleic asids |
| DNA | the nucleic acid which you are probably most familiar is deoxyribonucleic acid, or this which provides the information necessary for organisms to pass on genetic data to their offspring |
| organic compounds | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| producers | plant, algae, and a few other organisms take energy and use it as simple sugars, which they use as food for themselves |
| photosynthesis | the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its own food |
| chlorophyll | a special pigment that give plants their bright green color |
| autotrophs | organisms that are able to produce their own food |
| heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms |
| Resopiration | the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions |
| ATP | the energy produced from respiration is stored by organisms called adenosine triphosphate, or this abbreviation |
| primary production | the net increase in organic matter made by autotrophs |
| primary producers | autotrophs which photosynthesize more than they can respire |
| cell | the basic unit of life |
| plasma membrane | the outer wall of the cell that separates the internal fluid from the exterior environment of the cell and controls the exchange of material between the two |
| organelles | a number of specialized structures within the cytoplasm and are separated by internal membranes on which many chemical processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration, occur |
| prokaryotic | the simplest and smallest cells that have no membrane-bounded organelles |
| prokaryotes | the organisms made up of prokaryotic cells |
| cell wall | outside the plasma membrane to provide form and mechanical support |
| eukaryotes | the group made up of organisms with cells that are much more complex and organized than the cells of prokaryotes |
| eukaryotic | these cells have a many membrane-bounded organelles that preform a host of functions within the cell |
| chromosomes | carry's the cells DNA |
| nucleus | the chromosomes and their surrounding nuclear membrane are in this central structure |
| mitochondria | are the powerhouses of the cell, braking down molecules to provide the energy the cell needs |
| Endoplamic reticulum and Golgi complex | two cell structures that are mainly made of folded membranes and are responsible for thee construction and transport of organic molecules that the cells need |
| vaculoes | within the cell wall, this is where food particles are ingested and stored |
| chloroplasts | serves as sites for photoshesis |
| cell wall | provided form and support |
| cilia | a short, microscopic hairlike, vibrating structure that helps the cells move |
| level of organization | atom, molecule, cellular organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystems |
| atom | the smallest unit of an element |
| molecule | a chemical unit that results from atoms bounding together |
| cellular organelle | a well-defined structure within a cell |
| cell | the basic organizational unit of living material |
| tissue | a group of similar cells with a specific function |
| organ | a body part made of tissues preforming as a unit organism |
| organism | an individual capable of reproduction |
| population | a group of interbreeding organisms coexisting together |
| community | integrated populations living in a limited area |
| ecosystems | a community and the physical features of its environment |
| homeostasis | the tendency of living organisms to control or regulate changes in their internal environment |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| selectively permeable | allows certain molecule or ions to pass through the cell membrane by means of active or passive transport |
| osmoconformers | marine organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water |
| central vacuole | usually the largest cellular organelle found in plant cells, it is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes |
| osmoregulator | a marine organism that regulates its internal concentration of salts |
| chloride cells | located in the gills of teleosts which pump sodium and chloride ions out into the sea against a concentration gradient |
| poikilotherm | an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment |
| ectotherm | an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environment |
| homeotherm | an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling mechanisms |
| endotherm | an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heat |
| heredity | the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next |
| daughter cells | two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis, and are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and types of chromosomes |
| cell fission | the simple process of a single cell duplicating itself |
| mitosis | ensures that each of the daughter cells has a copy of every chromosome |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction accomplished by a single organism |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction that involves the union of gametes from organisms: a male, and a female |
| gamates | the union of two separate cells |
| germ tissue | a special kind of tissue that produces the gamates |
| meiosis | germ cell are divided through this process |
| diploid | a pair of chromosomes |
| hoploid | are referred to a gamates |
| ovaries | female gonads that produce eggs |
| testes | male gonads that produce sperm |
| zygote | a fertilized egg |
| placenta | a special structure that allow some of the food that the mother eats to be transferred to the developing zygote |
| broadcast spawning | when a species releases millions of gamates into the water |
| reproductive strategy | are structural, functional, and behavioral adaptions that improve the chances of fertilization |
| classifing | the placing of live forms into groups |
| species | a population of organisms that not only have similar characteristics but also can successfully bread with each other |
| reproductive isolated | when 2 populations can not interbred successfully |
| genus | a group of very similar species |
| binomial nomenclature | identify an organism by its genus and species name |
| taxonomy | the science of classifying organisms |
| kingdom | the most general grouping of a species |
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