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Ch.5
Methods and Strategies of Research
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Methods of Research | Experimental Ablation Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity Neurochemical Methods Genetic Methods |
| Experimental Ablation1 | evaluating behavioral effects of brain damage |
| Experimental Ablation2 | producing brain lesions |
| Experimental Ablation3 | Stereotaxic Surgery |
| Experimental Ablation4 | Histological Methods |
| Experimental Ablation5 | Tracing neural connections |
| Experimental Ablation6 | studying structure of living brains |
| Experimental Ablation7 | may or may not involve removal of tissue |
| Stereotaxic surgery | get tip of an electrode or cannula to a precise location in the depths of the brain |
| Stereotaxic Atlas | materials of study of brain locations |
| Lesion | Method of destroying the part of the brain and evaluating animals subsequent behavior |
| inflicted lesion1 | passing a high frequency electrical current |
| inflicted lesion2 | infusing an excitotoxic chemical |
| inflicted lesion3 | Injecting local anesthetic (temporary) |
| sham lesions | a placebo procedure |
| Stereotaxic apparatus | device that holds head and a holder for the electrode or cannula and a calibrated mechanism that moves the electrode |
| Histological methods | procedures used to fix, slice, stain, and examine brain tissue |
| Perfusion | removing and replacing the blood |
| Fixation | to prevent outolysis and decomposition of tissue (using Formalin) |
| Slicing | Microtome, Cryostat |
| microtome | contains a knife, a platform, and a mechanism that advances the knife or platform the correct amount after each slice so that another section can be cut |
| Cryostat | like a microtome, but in a freezer |
| Myelin Stains | highlight white matter; reveal neuron pathways |
| Golgi stains | highlight individual neurons |
| Nissl stains | highlight cell bodies(gray matter) |
| Experimental Ablation: Rationale | brain function can be inferred from behaviors that an animal can no longer perform after the area has been damaged |
| Experimental Ablation: Fault | brain function does not equal behavior and all of the regions of the brain are interconnected |
| Histological methods (Electron Microscopy)1 | Light Microscopy |
| Histological methods (Electron Microscopy)2 | Transmission Electron Microscopy |
| Histological methods (Electron Microscopy)3 | Scanning Electron Microscopy |
| Histological methods (Electron Microscopy)4 | Confocal Electron Microscopy |
| Light Microscopy | Image viewed directly: 1.Light source 2.Condenser Lens 3.Specimen 4.Objective Lens 5.Eyepiece Lens |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy | Image viewed on Fluorescent screen 1.Electron Source 2.Condenser Lens 3.Specimen 4.Objective Lens 5.Projection Lens |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy | Image viewed on monitor 1.Electron Source 2.Condenser Lens 3.Scanning Coil (Beam Deflector) 4.Detector 5.3D Specimen |
| Confocal Electron Microscopy | 1.Can see details inside thick sections of tissue or even in slabs of tissue 2.Microscope scans the tissue with light from a laser beam |
| Tracing Neural Connections | 1.Anterograde Labeling Method 2.Retrograde Labeling Method 3.Immunocytochemical Method |
| Anterograde Labeling Method | 1.Employ chemicals taken up by dendtrites or cell bodies, then transported through axons to terminal buttons 2.Helps identify neural pathways 3. |
| Retrograde Labeling Method (reversed) | |
| Immunocytochemical Methods | 1.Takes advantage of the reaction (producing antibodies in response to antigens) 2.Using radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides |
| Computerized Axial Tomography | send a scanning beam of x-rays to produce a 2-D picture of a "slice" through the body |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 1.Passing an extremely strong magneic field through the patients head - causes the nuclei of spinning hydrogen atoms to align themselves to the magnetic field 2.Different tissues contain different amounts of water and emit different amounts of energy |
| Diffusion Tension Imaging | 1.Uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living brain 2.Traces the movement of water molecules to determine the location and orientation of axon bundles |
Created by:
Dalea
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