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Module 40

Psychodynamic Theories

TermDefinition
personality an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
psychodynamic theories view human behavior as a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious minds. They stress the importance of childhood experiences.
free association the Freudian technique in which the person is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind as a means of exploring the unconscious
psychoanalysis Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; also, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret the tensions within a patient's unconscious
the unconscious the reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, it is a level of information processing of which we are unaware.
id the unconscious system of personality, consisting of basic sexual and aggressive drives, that supplies psychic energy to personality.
pleasure principle the id operates on this principle
ego the largely conscious, "executive" division of personality that attempts to mediate among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality
reality principle the ego operates on this principle
superego the division of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Freud's psychosexual stages developmental periods children pass through during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused on different erogneous zones
Oedipus complex boys in the phallic stage develop a collection of feelings that center on sexual attraction to the mother and resentment of the father
Electra complex the girl's version of the Oedipus complex
identification the process by which the child's superego develops and incorporates the the parents' values. Freud saw identification as crucial, not only to resolution of the Oedipus complex, but also to the the development of gender identity.
fixation occurs when development becomes arrested, due to unresolved conflicts, in an earlier psychosexual stage
defense mechanisms the ego's methods of unconsciously protecting itself against anxiety by distorting reality
repression the basis of all defense mechanisms is the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
collective unconscious Jung's concept of an inherited unconscious shared by all people and deriving from our species' history
projective tests present ambiguous stimuli onto which people supposedly project their own inner feelings
Rorschach inkblot test the most widely used projective test, consists of 10 inkblots that people are asked to interpret; it seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
terror-management theory focuses on people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their mortality
regression defense mechanism where a person retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
reaction formation defense mechanism where a person switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
projection disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
rationalization offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
displacement shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
denial a defense mechanism characterized by refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
the id According to Freud, this is what controls the behavior of a newborn
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