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Cognition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of | Cognitive psychology |
| Wilhelm Wundt trained researchers to use the method known as ____________________ so that he could understand the basic elements of consciousness | Introspection |
| Which scientist believed that observable, quantifiable behavior is the only proper topic of psychology, certainly not any cognitive concepts | John B. Watson |
| Two key elements that distinguish experimental methods from non-experimental methods are | Manipulation and control |
| By randomly assigning participants to conditions in an experiment with a between-subject design, researchers can assume uncontrollable variables (such as prior knowledge and tiredness) are, on average, equal in both conditions. True or False? | True |
| Which of the following is NOT TRUE about neuroimaging techniques? a. Images showing brain activity are created by comparing (subtracting) activity during two tasks b. Neuroimaging techniques are possible because neural activity causes metabolism to occ | c. Images light up in specific areas |
| Paul Broca's & Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for | localization of function |
| When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the | firing rate of the action potentials |
| If you wanted to use cognitive neuroscientific methods and were more interested in getting precise data about the timing of neural activity than about the location of that neural activity , which of the following methods should you use? | EEG |
| The photoreceptors that are highly concentrated in the fovea, play a vital role in color vision, and are better at perceiving fine detail are called: | Cones |
| At first, Sylvester the Cat did not feel any pain on his head after Tweety Bird hit him with a mallet because he was too distracted trying to catch the little yellow bird. After Tweety escaped, Sylvester looked in the mirror and saw a big lump. He suddenl | top-down |
| Which of the following is not true of lateral inhibition: a. Has been used to explain the Mach Bands illusion b. Only occurs when perceiving color c. Refers to the inhibitory influence of other neurons when perceiving a stimulus d. Boundaries are acce | b. |
| When looking at the familiar Olympic Rings symbol, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles? | Simplicity (Pragnanz) |
| A lesion to the ventral pathway (the stream of visual info from the occipital lobe to temporal lobe) would result in: | "what" deficit |
| This method was used to identify the elements of consciousness | Introspection |
| Saying "I see a banana" instead of saying "I see yellow" is an example of this | stimulus error |
| This person coined the term "Experimental Psychology" and founded the first psychology laboratory | Wilhelm Wundt |
| He founded Behaviorism with the idea that psychologists should only study what they can observe, and his most famous subject was "Little Albert" | John B. Watson |
| A controversy between B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky around this helped bring about the downfall of Behaviorism | how children learn language |
| Because cognitive psychologists cannot observe mental processes, they do this | they infer them from behavior |
| These are two key elements of experimental methods | manipulation and control |
| An experiment that has different people participate in each condition is said to have this kind of design | between-subjects |
| This is used in experiments to ensure that participants do not systematically vary in any way between conditions | random assignment |
| In a within-subject design, the influence of carry-over effects are reduced using this method | Counterbalancing |
| This lobe of the brain is associated with higher-order cognitive functions such as planning, inhibition, and organization | Frontal lobe |
| After having a tampering iron go through his head, he became one of the oldest and most famous neuropsychology cases | Phineas Gage |
| Hubel & Wiesel (1965) used this cognitive neuroscience method to discover feature detectors in the occipital lobe of cats | single-cell recording |
| This neuroimaging method measures BOLD signals using a magnet and has great spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution | fMRI |
| The effect of context, your prior knowledge, and attentional processes on perception are all examples of this type of processing | top-down |
| This type of photoreceptor is found mostly at the center of the eye and is used to detect fine details | Cone |
| This movement argued that perceptions were more than the sum of the parts, and that our perception is guided by intrinsic laws | Gestalt movement |
| Lesioning the ventral pathway in some monkeys and the dorsal pathway in other monkeys and finding that they have different deficits is an example of this | double dissociation |
| This is the problem of having to interpret the world as 3D from the ambiguous 2D image on the back of our retina | inverse projection problem |
| He conducted what is now considered the first cognitive psychology experiment when he inferred the speed of decision making using reaction times | Franciscus Donders |
| He was a student of Wundt's and brought Behaviorism to America | Edward B. Titchener |
| This part of the brain is most associated with processing emotions and danger | Amygdala |
| This is the process by which sensory receptors inhibit neighboring cells, which causes boundaries to be accentuated | lateral inhibition |
| This cognitive neuroscience method uses magnets to temporarily activate or inhibit brain areas, which can temporarily prevent someone from doing simple tasks like counting | TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) |
| which study's goal is to identify and describe the structure of the mental processes | Introspection |
| The mind's capacity to organize elemental mental contents into higher-level through processes | Voluntarism |
| Focused on purely perceptual descriptions (color, weight) | Titchener |
| Who are all behavior psychologists? | Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson |
| He believe that language was an inherit ability and reinforcement can't account for rule-based errors | Chomsky |
| Use experimental rigor of behaviorism but also embrace mental processes focus of introspection | Cognitive psychology (revolution) |
| Who are all cognitive psychologists? | George Miller, Ulrich Neisser, Noam Chomsky |
| What is Naturalistic Observation an example of | non- experimental methods |
| Which lobe is responsible for spatial knowledge/ language involving touch, pain, and pressure? | Parietal |
| Which lobe is responsible solely for vision? | Occipital |
| Which lobe is responsible for visual and verbal memory | Temporal |
| Relays sensory info to cortex | Thalamus |
| Critical for memory | Hippocampus |
| Controls motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking, sex) | Hypothalamus |
| severe speech production problem | Broca's area (frontal lobe) |
| severe speech comprehension problem | Wernicke's area (temporal lobe) |
| A person with this disease has the inability to recognize faces but can describe them (damage to the fusiform face area) | Prosopagnosia |
| A person with this disease can recognize faces but doesn't experience any emotional arousal from them and thinks people close to them are imposters | Capgras syndrome |
| specific functions are processed by many different areas of the brain | distributed representation |
| Contains the mechanisms needed to keep the cell alive | Cell body (Soma) |
| Receive electrical signals from other neurons | Dendrites |
| filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals | Axon |
| Neurons must communicate across the _______: the small space between neurons | synapse |
| Neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus | Feature detectors |
| Bars in a particular orientation (visual cortex in the occipital lobe) | simple cells |
| Measures glucose metabolism and has good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution | PET |
| Images are created by contrasting activity during two different tasks | Contrast of signals |
| Measures water flow and is a form of distributed representation | DTI |
| _________ is the building block for almost all cognition | Sensation |
| Our psychological __________ is nothing like the physical stimulus that our nervous system senses | perception |
| light waves, sounds waves, and chemical compounds are all examples of | physical stimulus |
| Cells specialized to respond to environmental energy | Sensory receptors |
| Highly sensitive to light and are used for night vision | Rods |
| Location where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc (retina) | Blind spot |
| The diminishing responsiveness of sensory systems to prolonged stimulation | Adaptation |
| internally-driven attention | top-down |
| externally-driven attention | bottom-up |
| "Perception is a sum of our senses | Wundt and Titchener |
| Proximity, similarity, good continuation, and simplicity (Pragnanz) are all apart of | Gestalt movement |
| Figure/ground, reconstrual, and context are apart of this processing system | top-down |
| Easier to perceive vertical and horizontal lines than other orientations | Oblique effect |
| Kittens exposed to only vertical or horizontal stripes and only responding to vertical or horizontal lines is associated with this | Experience- dependent plasticity |
| Assumption that smaller items are farther away | Size consistency |
| The perception problem in which someone cannot tell what an object is is associated with: | Visual-form Agnosia |
| The action problem in which someone cannot show where an object is or how it works is associated with: | Optic Ataxia |
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tparker31
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