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Biomedical Anatomy
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are collections of axons that carry action potentials in the CNS? | tracts |
| what are the 3 parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem |
| functions of the cerebrum | higher cognitive processes, receive and store sensory info, voluntary motor activity, integrate and coordinate activities, memory |
| functions of the cerebellum | balance, posture, coordination |
| functions of the brain stem | heart rate, digestion, breathing, reflexes, |
| what are the layers of the cerebral cortex | pia mater, layer 1-6 of densely packed neurons, and white matter |
| what does each layer of the cerebral cortex have | pia mater, layer 1: plexiform layer that has lots of fibers and few cells, layer 2 & 4: granular layer with small tightly packed cells, layer 2 has pyramidal cell, layer 3 & 5: large neurons that are mostly pyramidal, layer layer 6: polymorphic cells |
| what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum | granule cell layer: small, tightly packed cells and dendrites, purkinje layer: on top of granular layer, one cell layer thick, molecular layer: axons and dendrites and few neuron cell bodies |
| what is the continuous with the spinal cord | medulla oblongata |
| where does the spinal cord exit | foramen magnum |
| what is the gray matter of the CNS | cell bodies, dendrites, axons, central neuroglia, Nissl bodies. on the outside of the CNS and the inside on the PNS |
| what is the white matter of the CNS | myelinated and unmyelinated axons. on the inside of CNS and outside of PNS |
| what are nuclei? | groups of functionally related cell bodies of the CNS |
| what makes up the blood brain barrier | endothelial cells, basal lamina, end foot processes of astrocytes |
| what makes up the connective tissue of the CNS | the meninges |
| how many layers of connective tissue are there in the meninges | three |
| what is the function of meninges | mechanical stability, supports framework of arteries and veins, encloses space that is filled with CSF |
| what are the layers of the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
| dura mater (what is it, what is it made of, what is it attached to, what lines it spaces? | outer meningeal layer, it's made out of elongated fibroblasts and large amounts of EC collagen, attached to arachnoid and the skull at base of brain at its sutures (less tightly elsewhere), the endothelium lined spaces. also has no sub-dural space |
| arachnoid (what is it and what does it have) | two to three layers of cells that are attached to each other via continuous tight junctions. has subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia) that contains blood vessels and CSF and is traversed by arachnoid traveculae |
| pia mater | one to two layers of flattened fibroblasts that adhere to surface of brain and spinal cord |
| what are the glial cells of the CNS | oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
| what are oligodendrocytes (shape? function?) | small spherical cells bodies that synthesize and maintain myelin in CNS |
| what inhibits axonal regrowth in CNS | oligodendrocytes |
| what are astrocytes function? | CNS. anchorage for neurons, form BBB w/ end food processes, take up & recycle ions & NTs, exchange of nutrients b/w capillaries & neurons, secrete chemicals to guid migration & growth of neurons, synapse formation, communicatino, repair damage |
| what are the largest and most abundant glial cells in the CNS (often star shaped) | astrocytes |
| what are the functions of microglia | CNS. phagocytic: remove cell debris, invading microorganisms, nervous tissue damage |
| what are the smallest glial cells that have ovoid cell bodies with thorn like cytoplasmic processes and small, dark, elongated nuclei | microglia |
| what are the functions of ependymal cells | move fluid, synthesize CSF in brain ventricles, form semi-permeable barrier between CSF and interstitial fluid of CSF |
| what are single rows of cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells lining ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord | ependymal cells |
| is muliple sclerosis a disease of the CNS or PNS | CNS |
| what are the symptoms of the multiple sclerosis | numbness, partial/complete vision loss, double vision, tingling, slurred speech, tremor, lack of coordination |
| how you diagnosis of the multiple sclerosis | 2010 McDonald criteria |
| what is multiple sclerosis | inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of brain and spinal cord |
| what are posterior spinal roots | carry sensory info from body to CNS |
| what are anterior spinal roots | carry motor signals from CNS to muscles and internal organs |
| what are collections of axons that carry action potentials in PNS | nerves |
| where are the cell bodies of the PNS located | within CNS or outside peripheral ganglia |
| what are ganglion | groups of functional related cell bodies in PNS |
| dorsal (posterior) root ganglion (what is it? what kind of neurons?) | cell bodies of sensory neurons (mostly unipolar) and satellite cells. heavily myelinated neurons carry touch or muscle stretch, small axons with light myelination carry pain and temp info |
| the sympathetic NS is controlled by what region of the CNS | thoracolumbar |
| where the ganglia of the sympathetic NS located | close to spinal cord |
| relative length of fibers of sympathetic NS compared to parasympathetic? | pre-ganglionic: shorter, post-ganglionic: longer |
| the parasympathetic NS is controlled by what region of theCNS | craniosacral region |
| where is the ganglia of the parasympathetic NS located | close to target organs |
| relative length of fibers of parasympathetic NS compared to sympathetic | pre-ganglionic: longer, post-ganglionic: shorter |
| what has more post-ganglionic branching, sympathetic NS or parasympathetic NS | sympathetic NS |
| what system is the enteric system part of | autonomic ns |
| what is the enteric system | brain of the gut, nerves of the GI tract, transmits sensory info such as changes and stretch to CNS. enteric motor relays impulses via sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to smooth muscles and glands of GI tract |
| what is the outer-most layer of connective tissue of PNS | epineurium |
| epineurium | dense irregular CT, also has some blood vessels, covers entire peripheral nerve |
| perineurium | surrounds nerve fascicles. specialized CT that has flattened fibroblasts that are connected with each other and form blood-nerve barrier |
| where is the blood nerve barrier (of PNS) located | perineurium |
| endoneurium | loose connective tissue that surrounds each individual axon fiber |
| what are the glial cells of the PNS | schwann cells and satellite cells |
| what are the functions of schwann cells | produce myeline sheath, aid in cleaning up debris, guide regrowth of axons |
| where are the cytoplasm and nucleus of schwann cells located? | outermost layer of myelin |
| what are the functions of the satellite cells | structural support, form barrier, establish and maintain controlled environment and provide insulation |
| what are the shapes of the satellite cells | small cuboidal cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies in ganglia |
| sensory motor neuropathy | PNS. slow progressive, length-dependent neuropathy. onion like layers of myelin, few nerve fibers |
| symptoms of sensory motor neuropathy | distal muscle weakness, sensory loss, hearing loss, unsteady gait, and pain |
| are unipolar neurons mostly sensory neurons or motor | sensory neurons |
| unipolar neurons | single process attached to round cell body, two stakes (one dendrite and one axon) that fuse together. signal can go from dendrite through cell body or bypass cell body and directly to axon |
| where are the cell bodies of unipolar neurons | dorsal root ganglion |
| are bipolar neurons mostly sensory or motor | sensory |
| bipolar neurons | process extending from each end of cell body. |
| where are bipolar neurons mostly found | in eye, ear, vestibular end organs, and olfactory system. moer rare and associated with special senses |
| are multipolar neurons mostly motor or sensory | motor |
| multipolar neurons | many dendrites extending from cell body. has single axon through it can split into two or more collateral axons. often different shapes and sizes |
| where are multipolar neurons mostly found | found in aterior horn of spipnal cord |
| what are the most numerous type of neuron that is found all over and is the majority neuron of the CNS | multipolar |
| where are interneurons found | CNS |
| what type of neuron are interneurons usually | multipolar |
| what type of cell makes up 99.9% of all neurons in body | interneurons |
| assymetric synapse | large difference in thickness of presynaptic membrane compared to postsynaptic membrane. the synapse is usually excitatory |
| symmetric synapses | presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes have the same thickness. synapse is usually inhibitory |
| small terminals with round vesicles are usually associated with | excitatory neurotransmitters |
| larger terminals with flattened vesicles are usually associated with | inhibitory neurotransmitters |
Created by:
LittleD331
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