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heart path
cardiac pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prinzmetal Angina | intermittent chest pain at rest, generally considered to be caused by vasosasm |
| unstable angina | prolonged or recurrent pain at rest, often indicative of imminent MI |
| Stable angina | most common, pain is precipitated by excertion and is releived by rest or NTG |
| Stable angina | results from severe narrowing of artherosclerotic coronary vessles, which are thus unable to supply sufficient oxygen to support increased mocardial demands of exertion |
| MI | characterized by myocardial coagulative necrosis caused by soronary artery occlusion, releases myocardial enzymes and other proteins by altered membrane permeability of necreotic cells |
| MI | cells in the evolution are neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts |
| MI | transmural- involve enteric thickness of wall, subendocardial- inner 1/3 to 1/2 of wall |
| Complications of MI | ventricular aneurysm, mural thrombosis, ruptured papillary muscles, myocardial rupture, myocardial fialure, arrythmia |
| arrythmia | most common cause of death in the first several hours after MI |
| Myocardial failure | can lead to CHF and/or shock |
| myocardial rupture | usually occurs 4-7 days after MI and may result in death from cardiac tamponade |
| Rheumatic fever | multisystem inflammatory disorder with major cardiac manifestations, aslo characterized by transient mild migratory polyarthritis |
| Rheumatic fever | occurs 1-4 weeks after pharyngitis caused by group A beta hemolytic strep |
| Aschoff Body | classic lesions of rheumatic fever; is an area of focal interstitial myocarial inflammation that is characterized by large cells ( antischkow myocytes) and by occasional multinucleated giant cells |
| rheumatic fever carditis | rheumatic endocarditis usually occurs in areas subject to greatest hemodynamic stress; in the early stages, the valve leaflets are red and swollen, and tiny warty, bead-like, rubbery vegetations form along lines of valve closure; valves become thickened, |
| manifestations of rheumatic fever (other than cardiac) | fever, malaise, increased SED rate; joint involvement; skinlesions (subcutaneous nodules and erythema marginatum); CNS involvement( including sydenham chorea) |
| infective endocarditis | bacterial or sometimes fungal infection of enocardium with prominent involvement of surfaces |
| infective endocarditis | characterized by large, soft, friable, easily detached vegetation consisting of fibrin and intermeshed inflammatory cells and bacteria |
| infective endocarditis | may be complincated by ulceration, often with perforation of valve cusps or rupture of one of the chordae tendineae |
| acute endocarditis | is caused by staph aureus often secondary to infection elswhere in body |
| subacute endocarditis | caused by less virulent oranisms such as strep viridans |
| subacute endocarditis | tends to occur in patients with congenital heart disease or pre-existing valvular disease |
| endocarditis | valvular involvment- mital (most frequent), mitral and aortic (40%), tricuspid (intravenous drug users) |
| enocarditis | complication- distal embolization, septic infarcts, glomerulonephritis |
| nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis | associated with dibilitating disorders, such as metestatic cancer |
| nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis | characterized by small, sterile fibrin deposits randomly arranged along the line of closure of the valve leaflets; can result in peripheral embolization but, emboli are steril |
| libmen-sacks endocarditis | ocurs in SLE, is characterized by small vegetations on either or both surfaces of the valve leaflets |
| endocarditis of carcinoid syndrome | cuased by secretory products of carcinoid tumors (vasoactive peptides and amines, especially serotonin), results in thickened endocarcial plaques; rarely involves values on left side because lungs detoxify amines |
| mitral valve prolapse | most frequent lesion, characterized by myxoid degenration of the ground substance of the valve |
| mitral valve prolapse | results in stretching of posterior valve leaflet, producing a floppy cusp, produces systolic murmur with a midsystolic click |
| mitral valve prolapse | usually benign, often associated with a variety of arrythmias, preidposes to infective endocarditis |
| mitral valve stenosis | rheumatic heart disease |
| mitral valve insufficiency | rheumatic hear diesase-, can result from mitral prolapse, inective endocarditis, or damage to a papillary muscle from MI, can be secondary to left ventricular dilation with stretching of the mitral valve ring |
| aortic stenosis | often present as calcific aortic stenosis, caused by; otherwise normal valve(age related), a congenital bicuspid aortic vlave, a valve affected by rheumatic heart disease |
| tricuspid | rarely invovled alone in rheumatic heart disease but may be involved together with mitral and aortic, may be involved in the carcinoid syndrome |
| pulmonary valve | most commonly affected by congenital malformations, rarely involved in rheumatic heart disease, may be involved in carcinoid syndrome |
| Hypertrophy of right ventricle | caused by left ventricle failure, chronic lung disease, mitral valve disease, congenital heart disease with left to right shunt |
| Hypertrophy of left ventricle | most commonly caused by hypertension and aortic or mitral valvular disease |
| right sided heart failure | caused by left sided failure, left sided lesion, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathy, diffuse myocarditis, tricuspid or pulmonary valvular disease |
| right sided heart failure | manifested by renal hypoxia leading fluid retention and peripheral edema, enlarged and congested liver and spleen, distention of neck viens |
| left sided heart failure | caused by ischemic heart disease, hypertension, aortic and mitral valvular disease and mycoardial disease |
| left sided heart failure | manifestated as dyspnea and orthopnea, pleural effusion, reduced renal perfusion |
| chronic pericarditis | usually tuberculous or pyogenic staph etiology |
| chronic pericarditis | thickening and scarring of pericardium with loss of elasticity |
| chronic pericarditis | often micking signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure, proliferation of fibrous tissue |
| Serous pericarditis | SLE, rhuematic fever, and a variety of viral infections-->clear straw colored protein rich exudate with small numbers of inflammator cells |
| ffibrinous or serofribrinous pericarditis | caused by uremia, myocardial infarction, acute rheumatic fever--> fibrin rich exudate |
| purulent or suppurative pericarditis | caused by bacterial infection--> grossly cloudy or frankly purulent inflammatory exudate |
| hemorrhagic pericarditis | caused by tumor invastion of pericardium, TB or other bacterial infection--> bloosy inflammatory exudate |
| chronic pericarditis | usually tuberculous or pyogenic staph etiology,causes proliferation of fibrous tissue and thickening and scarring of pericardium with loss of elasticity, often mimics the signs of right heart failure |
| left sided heart failure | caused by ischemic heart disease, hypertension, aortic and mitral valvular disease and mycoardial disease |
| left sided heart failure | manifestated as dyspnea and orthopnea, pleural effusion, reduced renal perfusion |
| right sided heart failure | caused by left sided heart failure, left sided lesion, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathy and diffuse myocarditis,tricuspid or pulmonary valvular disease |
| right sided heart failure | manifested by renal hypoxia leading to fluid retention and peripheral edema, enlarged and congested liver and spleen, distention on neck veins |
| hypertrophy of left ventricle | most commonly caused by hyoertensin or mitral valvular disease |
| hypertrophy of right ventricle | caused by left ventricular failure, chronic lung disease, mitral valve lesions, congenital heart disease with left to right shunt |
| cor pulmonale | right ventricular hypertrophy and or dilation secondary to lung disease, characerized by pulmonary hypertension |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | hypertrophy of all 4 chamber walls, especially the ventricular septum; characterized by disoriented tangled and hypertophied myocardial fibers, inherited autosomal dominant, may result in left ventricular outflow obstruction |
| congested or dilated cardiomyopathy | most common myopathy, 4 chamber hypertrophy and dilation and both right and left sided failure; in some cases it is related to alcoholism, thiamine deficiency, or prior myocarditis |
| cardiomyopathy | refers to diseases of the heart that are non inflammatory and are not associated with hypertension, congential heart disease, valvular disease, or coronayr artery disease; usually characterized by otherwise unexplained ventricular dysfunction |
| restrictive cardiomyopathy | caused by infiltrarive processes within myocardium that results in stiffining of heart muscle, wich inteferes with pumping action; exemplified by cardiac amyloidosis, which are reight and left sided failure |
Created by:
swohlers
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