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AP BIO
100+ BASIC VOCABULARY TERMS FOR AP BIO STUDENTS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| species | organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring (Ecology/1) |
| population | a group of organisms of one species living in one area at one time (Ecology/1) |
| community | multiple populations living in one area (Ecology/1) |
| ecosystem | a community and the abiotic factors in the area (Ecology/1) |
| niche | the role a species plays in an ecosystem, including where it lives and what it eats (Ecology/1) |
| food web | a model, using arrows, of the consumer interactions in a community (Ecology/1) |
| producer impact | change in the producer level can affect the # and size of other trophic levels (Ecology/1) |
| biotic | living (or once living) factors in an ecosystem (Ecology/1) |
| abiotic | non-living (never alive) factors (Ecology/1) |
| dynamic homeostasis | constant movement (change) of a factor toward a stable target point (Ecology/1) |
| symbiosis | interactions between organisms of two species, includes mutualism, and parasitism (Ecology/1) |
| energy pyramid | a model of 10% energy flow through consecutive trophic levels (Ecology/1) |
| exponential population grown | reproduction without restraints (Ecology/1) |
| logistical population growth | population exceeds resource availability (carrying capacity) (Ecology/1) |
| hypothesis | a proposed explanation for a problem that can be tested (ideally written in if/then form) [Science] |
| theory | an explanation for a broad problem, supported by extensive experimentation [Science] |
| controlled experiment | compares an experimental group (alter one variable) with a control group (all other variable are held constant) [Science] |
| Biology | the study of life [Science] |
| evolution | the change in allele frequency of a population over time [Evolution/2] |
| natural selection | the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (mechanism for evolution) [Evolution/2] |
| adaptation | a genetic variation (expressed as a trait) that is favored by selection in a particular environment [Evolution/2] |
| species diversity | the number of different species in a particular area [Evolution/2] |
| limited resources | less available food water, or space than is required by a population (above carrying capacity) [Evolution/2] |
| competition | struggle for existence between organisms for mates or limited resources (winners are more fit, better adapted) [Evolution/2] |
| genetic variation | the difference in alleles or genes between organisms within the gene pool of a species [Evolution/2] |
| mutation | this change in DNA (nucleotide sequence) is the original source of variation [Evolution/2] |
| 1)genotype and 2)phenotype | 1) the 2 alleles (ex: Ww) for a trait 2) the expression of a trait (ex: Widow's peak)[Evolution/2] |
| speciation | the formation of a new species following reproductive isolation (results in species diversity) [Evolution/2] |
| evidence of evolution | includes, but is not limited to fossil record, morphological homologies, and DNA/protein similarities [Evolution/2] |
| common ancestor | an ancestral species shared by two or more species as evidenced by commonalities (can be shown on a phylogenetic tree or cladogram) [Evolution/2] |
| carbon | backbone element in macromolecules important to life [Biochemistry/3] |
| biogeochemical cycles | the cycle of matter (such as carbon, nitrogen, and water) between biotic and abiotic factors [Biochemistry/3] |
| carbohydrates (polymer/monomer) | starch and cellulose are made out of sugar [Biochemistry/3] |
| carbohydrates (elements) | carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) [Biochemistry/3] |
| carbohydrates (function) | energy storage and structure [Biochemistry/3] |
| proteins (polymer/monomer) | proteins are made out of amino acids [Biochemistry/3] |
| proteins (elements) | carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) [Biochemistry/3] |
| proteins (function) | acting as enzymes, antibodies, and building blocks of the body [Biochemistry/3] |
| nucleic acids (polymer/monomer) | DNA and RNA are made out of nucleotides [Biochemistry/3] |
| nucleic acids (elements) | carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) [Biochemistry/3] |
| nucleic acids (function) | molecule of heredity and related functions [Biochemistry/3] |
| lipid (elements) | a fat containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) [Biochemistry/3] |
| 1) prokaryotes and 2) eukaryotes | 1) (mostly bacteria) are a group of unicellular organisms that lack membrane -bound organelles (no nucleus, etc) 2) (animals, plans, fungi, etc.) organisms with complex cells and membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, etc.) [Cells/4] |
| cell size | cells, the basic unit of life, are small in order to have a high surface area to volume ratio (SA/V) [Cells/4] |
| cell specialization | cells in multicellular organisms develop to have separate tasks (muscle cells, red blood cells, etc.) [Cells/4] |
| cell membrane | selectively permeable separation of the internal and external environment of the cell [Cells/4] |
| 1) mitochondria and 2) chloroplast | 1) organelle that breaks down sugar (glucose) to release ATP energy (cellular respiration 2) organelle that absorbs light energy to build sugar (photosynthesis) (both only in eukaryotes) [Cells/4] |
| 1) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and 2) golgi complex | 1) a ribosome covered site of protein production and transport 2) modifies/packages proteins and further transport (both only in eukaryotes) [Cells/4] |
| nucleus | membrane bound organelle with contains DNA, the blueprint for proteins (only in eukaryotes) [Cells/4] |
| ribosomes | organelle that is the site of protein production (found in all living organisms) [Cells/4] |
| lysosomes | membrane bound organelle that digest and dispose of cell waste (only in eukaryotes) [Cells/4] |
| vacuole | membrane bound organelle with functions that include release of waste products and storage (only in eukaryotes) [Cells/4] |
| cell wall | found surrounding many cells (except animal) provide protection and structure [Cells/4] |
| osmosis | diffusion (energy free movement from high concentration to low concentration) of water across a membrane [Cells/4] |
| enzyme (function) | proteins that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy activation [Energy/5] |
| enzyme (structure) | in order to react, the substrate (reactant) must fit into the active site of the enzyme (lock and key model) [Energy/5] |
| ATP | adenosine tri-phosphate is the universal energy molecule which releases energy when a phosphate is lost converting the molecule to ADP [Energy/5] |
| 1) autotrophs and 2) heterotrophs | 1) organisms that produce their own food (usually plants using sun's energy) 2) organisms that consume their food [Energy/5] |
| photosynthesis (location) | chloroplast (usually in plant cells) [Energy/5] |
| photosynthesis (purpose) | the process that converts sun's energy into sugar (glucose) [Energy/5] |
| photosynthesis (equation) | light + CO2 + H2O ---> O2 + C6H12O6 (light + carbon dioxide + water yields oxygen + glucose) [Energy/5] |
| photosynthesis (steps) | 1) light dependent reactions 2) Calvin cycle [Energy/5] |
| cellular respiration (location) | mitochondria and cytosol [Energy/5] |
| cellular respiration (purpose) | the process that releases ATP energy from sugar (glucose) [Energy/5] |
| cellular respiration (equation) | O2 + C6H12O6 ---> ATP + CO2 + H2O (oxygen + glucose yields ATP energy + carbon dioxide + water) [Energy/5] |
| cellular respiration (steps) | 1) glycolysis 2) Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) 3) electron transport chain (ETC)/chemiosmosis [Energy/5] |
| negative feedback | mechanism maintains dynamic homeostasis (ex: body temperature) by returning the changing condition back to its target set point [Animal/Plant/6] |
| nervous system | the system that detects external and internal signals, processes information, and responds (message system) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| nerve cell | basic cell of the nervous system is made up of a cell body, axon and dendrites (also called a neuron) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| 1)central (CNS) and 2)peripheral (PNS) nervous system | 1) brain and spinal cord 2)interacting nerve cells [Animal/Plant/6] |
| immune system | the system in plants and animals that include a variety of chemical defenses against disease [Animal/Plant/6] |
| B cells | type of lymphocytic white blood cell (WBC) that produce antibodies to help fight extracellular pathogens such as bacteria (part of the specific, humoral response) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| antibodies | Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens of pathogens, targeting them for destruction [Animal/Plant/6] |
| cytotoxic (killer) T-cells | typeof lymphocytic WBC that fights cancer cells and intracellular pathogens such as viruses (part of the specific, cell mediated response) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| digestive system (mammal) | the system of organs that take in food, extract nutrients and release sold waste (includes mouth, stomach, and intestines) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| excretory system (mammal) | the system that filters and releases liquid nitrogenous waste (includes kidney and bladder) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| respiratory system (mammal) | the system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (works with the circulatory system) (includes lungs) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| circulatory system (mammal) | the system that distributes oxygen and collects carbon dioxide from the body (works with the respiratory system) (includes heart, veins, and arteries) [Animal/Plant/6] |
| chromosome | made up of DNA wrapped around proteins (human body cells have 46 chromosomes [diploid/2n] located in the nucleus) [Heredity/7] |
| allele | one of two or more forms of a gene (ex: W or w for widow's peak trait) [Heredity/7] |
| fertilization | the joining of a haploid egg cell and a haploid (1n) sperm cell to form a diploid (2n) zygote [Heredity/7] |
| mitosis | followed by cytokinesis, this division of the nucleus produces two identical, diploid (2n) body cells [Heredity/7] |
| meiosis | followed by cytokinesis, this double division of the nucleus produces four unique haploid (1n) egg or sperm cells (only 1 egg cell is viable) [Heredity/7] |
| DNA replication | the process of producing two identical copies of one original DNA molecule [Heredity/7] |
| 1) dominant and 2) recessive alleles | 1) expressed if at least one allele is present 2) only expressed when a dominant allele is not present [Heredity/7] |
| sex chromosome | in humans, these chromosomes are X and Y. XX produces females and XY produces males [Heredity/7] |
| sex-linked traits | typically found on X chromosomes (ex: colorblindness), to express the trait, men need one copy of the gene (ex: XcY) and females need two copies (ex: XcXc) [Heredity/7] |
| 1)homozygous and 2)heterozygous | 1) a genotype with two identical alleles (ex: WW or ww) 2) a genotype with two different alleles (ex: Ww) [Heredity/7] |
| gene | a section of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a protein (or polypeptide) [Heredity/7] |
| gamete | egg or sperm cells (haploid/1n) [Heredity/7] |
| bacterial DNA | one circular chromosome not surrounded by a nucleus, they may also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| DNA (structure) | double sided helix made of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group and a base. Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin contributed [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| DNA (as a molecular heredity) | a variety of experiments determined that DNA, not protein, is the molecule of heredity. Griffith, Avery and Hershey-Chase contributed. [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| base pairing rule | in DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). In RNA uracil (U) is substituted for thymine. [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| transcription (location) | the first step of protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| transcription (function) | the first step protein synthesis converts DNA code to mRNA code (m=messenger) [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| translation (location) | the final step of protein synthesis takes place at the ribosomes [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| translation (function) | the final step of protein synthesis includes mRNA --> tRNA --> polypeptide chain to eventually form a protein (t=transfer) [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| point mutation | addition, deletion, or substitution of one base of DNA can result inno change, a different protein, or an incomplete protein [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| genetic engineering | general term for manipulation of DNA includes cloning, gel electrophoresis and transformation [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| virus | a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of a host and is not alive [Molecular Genetics/8] |
| 1)DNA vs 2)RNA | 1) double sided, has the sugar deoxyribose and has the base thymine 2) single sided, has the sugar ribose and the base uracil [Molecular Genetics/8] |
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