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evol. psy307Ch13p406
evol. psy307Ch13p406-14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| our standards of morality are likely to be | biased in favor of genetic relatives |
| rationalist theories | moral judgement is derived from moral reasoning |
| moral emotions (Jon Haidt) | produce quick automatic evaluations |
| repulsion of incest evolved to | prevent inbreeding |
| anger toward cheaters evolved to act as a policing function by | motivating revenge and punishing those who violate social contracts |
| embarrassment and shame occur around people of higher status when one violates social contention and evolved to | promote appeasement and submission to minimize attack or punishment from dominant others |
| guilt (stemming from violations of communal relationships) and evolved to prevent the dissolution of valued friendships by | signaling to the harmed party that you know you inflicted harm, motivating confession and apologies and repairing harm |
| contempt evolved to ruduce | moral violations of disrespect to duty or hierarchy |
| sympathy evolved to motivate helping | others who are suffering |
| gratitude evolved to motivate | prosocial actions to benefactors |
| conditioned fear responses to in-group members can be extinguished, | but fear toward out-group members is difficult to extinguish, especially for male out-group members |
| out-group prejudice evolved to solve adaptive defense and sexual coercion problems suggesting that eliminating prejudice | will require deep knowledge of our in-group and out-group evolved psychology |
| morally virtuous characteristics correspond to | attractive mate features (kindness, fidelity, sacrifice for others, magnanimity have been sexually selected) |
| moral emotions may serve as "commitment devices" that | promote prosocial deeds, reparation of harm and punishment of cheatters |
| categories of adaptive problems solved by moral emotions | respect for authority, a thirst for justice, and the evolution of care |
| Conditions that make group selection likely | high degree of shared fate, low levels of reproductive competition within group, recurrent patterns of differential reproduction and extinction of groups |
| human reduction of reproductive differences in group | passing laws to restrict number of spouses |
| cooperative groups may | out reproduce groups of selfish individuals |
| multilevel selection theory (David Wilson and Eliot Sober): groups too can be vehicles of selection | selection can operate on individuals, groups within species, multispecies ecosystems |
| developmental psychology is an approach to any psychological phenomena | viewed from a temporal, life-span or ontogenetic perspective (personality, social, cognitive, developmental development) |
| ontogenetic | based on the development or course of development especially of an individual organism |
| evolutionary development psychologists stress the importance of | natural selection early in life, infant adaptations to solve critical period problems, conditioned adaptations, gene-environment interactions |
| conditioned adaptations | allow children to respond flexibly to features of the childhood environment with statistical strategies |
| humans face predictably different adaptive problems at various stages in their lives | infants face the problem of survival, not mating. Problems of mating appear before parenting problems |
| at roughly 3 years old children deveolop | a theory of mind |
| theory of mind allows inferences about the beliefs and desires of others which enables people to predict | other's behavior |
| theory of mind may help people to anticipate | hostile attacks, enlisting aid, pacifying conflicting parents, making threats more credible, and forming coalitions |
| agreeableness correlates highly with | ability to accurately read others' minds |
| empathizing allows a person to both | predict and to care about how others feel |
| a small female superiority by women in empathizing is shown by | girls greater concern for fairness, more conversation turn taking, sensitivity to facial expressions, talk about emotions |
| women may empathize better because this skill is needed in childbearing and to negotiate the more subtle | alliances and dominance hierarchies that they relate to |
| women must differentiate between a theory of | men's mind and women's mind |
| life history strategies may be selected depending on | early environmental events |
| socialization: children with no fathers in fist 5-7 years expect | parental resources not to be reliably available and adult pair bonds will not be enduring |
| children with no fathers in fist 5-7 years have early sexual maturity and initiation, frequent partner switching: | a strategy designed to produce a large number of offspring with low levels of investment in each |
| life-history theory | life cycles constitute evolved adaptive strategies |
| natural selection has fashioned decision rules for changing the allocation of effort to survival, growth, mating and parenting | depending on specific features of the context |
| current and future reproduction trade-off (James Chisholm) | when resources are unpredictable or limited increase fertility and decrease investment in any particular offspring |
| psychology of attachment constitutes | an evolved set of mechanisms for making allocation decisions |
| variations from secure attachment represent early experiential calibrations to recurrent threats to the child's survival and growth | the parent's inability or unwillingness to invest heavily in offspring |
| avoidant attachment (child shows indifference to parent) represents an adaptation to | parental unwillingness to invest (a short-term mating strategy) |
| anxious/ambivalent attachment (child shows nervousness,fearfulness, and insecurity) represents | an adaptation to parental inability to invest promoting a "helpers in the nest strategy" |
| early age of menarche /məˈnärkē/ and is linked with | parental marital unhappiness and father's rejection and earlier age of dating men |
| because natural selection tends to reduce genetic variability within populations | behavioral genetic studies find moderate heritability for personality dispositions |
| individual differences in extraversion are linked with | differences in sexual access to partners |
| conscientiousness is correlated with | work and status attainment |
| impulsivity is linked with | extramarital affairs and higher mortality rates |
| individual differences in status, sexuality and survival | may play an important role in human evolutionary psycholgy |
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james22222222
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