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Lecture 9 Problems
Problems of Survival: hunting, gathering, scavaging
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hunting archaeological records | cave drawings, butchered bones, non-herbivore teeth |
| provisioning hypothesis | male provisioning of food would improve the offspring survivorship and increase the pair's reproductive rate |
| babies need high calorie diet for large brain development | meat rich in nutrients, worth transporting |
| male parental investment rare in | herbivores |
| male coalitions | large game hunting provides adaptive benefits, but requires cooperation |
| reciprocal altruism and social exchange | hunting is unpredictable, but successful hunting produces excess: mutual benefits for sharing |
| EPMs for social exchange | low costs and high benefits of reciprocal altruism |
| sexual dimorphism | wider shoulders produce throwing torque, fine motor skills for tools, problem solving, orienteering |
| show-off hypothesis | more successful men have better mate options, social status |
| “show-off strategy” | supporting women in a dispute, caring for their offspring, or providing sexual favors |
| gathering hypothesis | gathering rather than hunting was the main factor in the emergence of anatomically modern humans |
| gathering hypothesis evidence | 40-80% of calories, involves both sexes, but also done by apes |
| gathering hypothesis doesn't explain | sexual dimorphisms, heavy male parental investment, male coalitions |
| scavenging hypothesis | Proposal that early hominids were opportunistic scavengers rather than systematic primary predators |
| pro scavenging hypothesis | animal gnaw marks on bones, most animals scavenge and hunt |
| hunting, gathering and scavenging | all used to procure food, but hunting better account |
| EPM hunting | directional calculations, mental rotation, navigation, accurate throwing, |
| EPM gathering | analyse complex scene, pick out food source, differentiate nutritious and poisonous objects |
| male hunters adaptations | mental rotation, cross cultural, long distance navigation, object rotations, throwing |
| female gatherer adaptations | object memory, verbal memory (proximal explanation), manipulating stick people |
| fear eliciters | neophobia, isolation, embarassment (affects social status), |
| fear | aversive/unpleasant psychological state and pshysiological repsonse that motivates and/or prepares for avoidance and defensive behaviors in response to realalistic danger |
| phobias | fear out of proportion to danger |
| fear adaptation responses | freeze (harder to see), flee, fight, play dead (show not threat), submitting/appeasing, fainting (remove target value) |
| pyschological adaptions of fear | attention (arousal up), cognitive (capacity up), richer memory, better learning |
| physiological adaptions of fear | sympathetic nervous system activated |
| common human fears | darkness, spiders, heights, separation, strangers, blood |
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