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Science 9
semester 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Invention | process within an overall engineering and product development process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product or a new process for creating an object or a result. |
| Prototype | a first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine |
| Discovery | the act or process of discovering |
| Innovations | the introduction of something new; a new idea, method, or device |
| Patents | protected by a trademark or a brand name so as to establish proprietary rights |
| Engineering | the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people |
| STEM | S: Science T: Technology E: Engineering M: Math |
| Scientific Method | pattern of investigation procedures that can includes stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, researching and gathering information, testing a hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. |
| Hypothesis | possible explanation for a problem using what is know and what is observed. |
| Experiment | organized procedure for testing a hypothesis; tests the effect of one thing on another under controlled conditions. |
| Dependent Variable | factor that changes as a result of changes in the other variables |
| Independent Variable | factor that as it changes, affects the measure of another variable |
| Constant | in an experiment, a variable that does not change. |
| Control | standard used for comparison of test results in an experiment |
| Bias | occurs when a scientist's expectations change how the results of an experiment are viewed |
| Model | can be used to represent and idea, object, of event that is too big, too small, too complex or too dangerous to observe or test directly. |
| SI | Internal System of Units; the improved, universally accepted version of the metric system; includes meter, liter and kilogram. |
| Volume | the amount of space occupied by an object |
| Mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| Density | mass per unit volume of a material |
| Displacement | distance and direction of an object's change in a position from that starting point |
| Speed | Distance an object travels per unit of time. |
| Velocity | the speed and direction of a moving object |
| Momentum | property of a moving object that equals its mass times its velocity |
| Acceleration | rate of change of velocity; it can be calculated by dividing the change in the velocity bu the time it takes the change to occur |
| Centripetal Acceleration | acceleration of an object toward the center of a curved or circular path |
| Force | a push or pull exerted on an object |
| Friction | force that opposes the sliding motion between two touching surfaces |
| Gravity | attractive force between two objects that depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them. |
| Weight | gravitational force exerted on an object |
| Net Force | sum of all of the forces that are acting on an object |
| Inertia | tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion |
| Newton's 1st Law | an object moving at a constant velocity keeps moving at that velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on it. |
| Newton's 2nd Law | the acceleration of an object is in the same direction as the net force on the object, and the acceleration equals the net force exerted on it divided by its mass. |
| Newton's 3rd Law | when on object experts a force on a second object, the second object experts a force on the first object that is equal in strength and in the opposite direction |
| Air Resistance | force that opposes the motion of objects that move though the air |
| Terminal Velocity | the maximum speed an object will reach when falling through a substance, such as air |
| Free Fall | the fall of an object on which only the force of gravity is acting |
| Centripetal Force | a force that is directed toward that center of a curved or circular path |
| Law of Conservation of momentum | if no external forces act on a group of objects, their total momentum does not change |
| Work | transfer of energy when a force is applied over a distance; measured in joules |
| Machine | device that makes doing work easier by increasing the force applied to an object, changing the direction of an applied force, or increasing the distance over which a force can be applied. |
| Simple Machine | machine that does work with only one movement. Examples are lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw and wedge |
| Compound Machine | machine that is a combination of two more more simple machines |
| Efficiency | ratio of the output work done bu the machine to the input work don on the machine, expressed as a percentage |
| Mechanical Advantage | ratio of the output force exerted bu a machine to the input force applied to the machine |
| Energy | the ability to to cause change, measured in joules |
| Kinetic Energy | energy a moving object has because of its motion; determined bu the mes and speed of the object. |
| Potential Energy | energy that is stored due to the interactions between objects |
| Elastic Potential Energy | energy that is stored by compressing or stretching an object |
| Chemical Potential Energy | energy that is due to chemical bonds |
| Gravitational Potential Energy | energy that is due to the gravitational force between objects |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Mechanical Energy | sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy of the object in a system |
| Power | the rate at which energy in converted; measured in watts (W) |
| Temperature | measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles that make up an object |
| Thermal Energy | sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles that make up an object |
| Heat | energy that is transferred between objects due to a temperature difference between those objects. |
| Specific Heat | Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material 1 degree C. |
| Conduction | transfer of thermal energy by collisions between the particles that make up matter |
| Convection | transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of warmer and cooler fluid from one place to another |
| Radiation | transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves |
| Thermal Insulator | a material through which thermal energy moves slowly |
| Thermodynamics | study of the relationship between thermal energy, heat and work |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | states that if mechanical energy of a system is constant, the increase in the thermal energy of the system equals the sum of the thermal energy transferred into the system and the work done on the system. |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | states that energy spontaneously spreads from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
| Internal Combustion Engine | heat engine that burns fuel inside teh engine in chambers or cylinders |
| Fossil Fuels | oil, natural gas and coal |
| Petroleum | liquid fossil fuel formed from decayed remains of ancient organisms; used to make fuels and plastics |
| Non-Renewable Resources | natural resources, such as fossil fuels that cannot be replaced |
| Fusion | reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei form a nucleus with a larger mass, releasing large amounts of energy. |
| Fission | process of splitting an atomic nucleus into two or more nuclei with smaller masses, releasing larger amounts of energy. |
| Nuclear Reactor | an apparatus in which controlled nuclear chain reactions generate electricity |
| Nuclear Waste | radioactive by-product that that results when radioactive materials are used. |
| Renewable Resources | energy source that is replaced by natural processes faster than it is used |
| Photovoltaic Cells | device that converts solar energy into electricity |
| Hydroelectricity | electricity produced from the energy of moving water |
| Geothermal Energy | thermal energy contained in and around magma; can be converted by a power plant into electrical energy |
| Biomass | Renewable organic matter from plants and animals, such as wood and animal manure, that can be burned to provide thermal energy |
| Population | the total number of individual of on species in an area |
| Carrying Capacity | maximum number of individuals of a given species that the environment can support |
| Pollutants | any substance that contaminates the environment. |
| Hazardous Wastes | wastes that are poisonous, cause cancer, or can catch fire |
| Photo-chemical Smog | the ozone containing pollution that results from the reaction between sunlight and vehicular or industrial exhaust. |
| Acid Precipitation | water with a pH below 5.6 that falls to Earth as rain or snow and can harm plants and animals and corrode buildings. |
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nufinals
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