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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Fundamentals of Body structures and functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The digestive system is aka the GI tract which stands for: | gastrointestinal passageway aka the alimentary canal. |
| The physiology (function) of the digestive system (GI tract) inludes: | 1. Taking food into the oral cavity (mouth) called INGESTION (eating). |
| The GI tract is aka the: | gastrointestinal passageway or alimentary canal. |
| The physiology (function) of the digestive system (GI tract) include: | 2. Wave-like muscular contraction that push the food along the GI passageway called peristaltic activity or peristalsis. |
| Gurgling and/or groaning sounds produced by peristalsis are abbreviated BS which stands for: | bowel sounds aka borborygmus. |
| Peristalsis (peristaltic activity) is the: | wave-like muscular contractions that push food along the GI passageway. |
| The physiology (function) of the digestive system (GI tract): includes: | 3. Breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical processes called DIGESTION. |
| The physiology (function) of the digestive system (GI tract) includes: | 4. Movement of digested (broken down) food into the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system system for distribution to the body cells called ABSORPTION. |
| The physiology (function) of the digestive system (GI tract) includes: | 5. Elimination (discharge) of substances that cannot be absorbed abbreviated BM which stands for bowel movement aka defecation. |
| The GI tract is a long continuous tube (vessel or duct) from the: | oral cavity (mouth) to the anus. |
| The journey of food through the GI tract takes an average of: | twelve (12) hours. |
| The length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (vessel or duct): | is approx. 30 feet. |
| The GI tract is a long continuous tube (vessel or duct) from the: | oral cavity (mouth) to the anus. |
| ORAL CAVITY (Mouth) Digestion begins in the: | oral cavity (mouth). |
| Digestion means: | breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical processes. |
| The lingua maneuvers (positions) food between the: | superior (upper) and inferior (lower) dentes. |
| Lingua means | tongue. |
| Dentes means: | teeth. |
| The labiae maneuver food between the : | superior (upper) and inferior (lower) dentes: |
| Labies are | lips. |
| maneuver means: | position. |
| The buccae maneuver (position) food between the: | superior and inferior dentes (teeth). |
| Buccae are: | cheeks. |
| Superior and inferior means: | upper and lower. |
| Between the ages of six (6) months and two (2) years there are: | twenty (20) temporary dentes called deciduous teeth. |
| By age 13 there are: | 32 permanent (lasting) dentes (teeth). |
| The eight (8) anterior teeth (dentes) are called: | Incisors. |
| Anterior means: | front. |
| The physiology (function) of the eight (8) incisors is to: | cut food. |
| The next four (4) teeth (dentes) are called: | canines aka cuspids. |
| The physiology (function) of the four canines (cuspids) is to: | tear food |
| The next eight (8) teeth (dentes) are called: | premolars aka bicuspids: |
| The physiology (function) of the eight (8) premolars (bicuspids) is to: | grind food. |
| The next twelve (12) teeth (dentes) are called: | molars aka tricuspids. |
| The physiology (function) of the twelve (12) molars (tricuspids) is to: | grind food. |
| The posterior (3rd) molars are aka: | wisdom teeth. |
| Posterior means: | back. |
| Molars are: | tricuspids. |
| The anatomy (structure) of each dens (tooth) includes the: | 1. Visible portion of each dens (tooth) above the gingivae called the crown. |
| Gingivae are: | gums. |
| Each crown is covered by the hardest substance in the body called: | enamel. |
| A crown is the : | visible portion of each dens (tooth) above the gingivae (gums). |
| The anatomy (structure) of each dens (tooth) includes the: | 2. Portion of each dens (tooth) anchored in the bone socket of the maxilla (superior jaw) and mandible (inferior) jaw called the root. |
| The anatomy (structure) of each dens (tooth) includes the: | 3. Connection between a crown and root called the cervix or neck. |
| Chemical digestion occurs (happens) in the oral cavity (mouth) from the secretion (production and discharge) of a mucus called: | saliva. |
| Digestion means: | breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical processes. |
| An enzyme (chemical catalyst) found in saliva that digests (breaks down) starch is called: | amylase. |
| A catalyst is: | something that causes a reaction. |
| Saliva also contains an antibacterial enzyme called: | lysozyme. |
| An enzyme is a: | chemical catalyst: |
| Saliva is secreted (produced + discharged by the paired (two): | 1. Parotid glands. 2. Sublingual glands. 3. Submandibular glands |
| Saliva is an: | oral mucus. |
| The oral roof is located in the: | superior (top) oral cavity (mouth). |
| The anterior (front) oral roof is called the | hard palate. |
| The posterior (back) oral roof is called the: | soft palate. |
| Hanging from the posterior (back) border of the soft palate is a cone-shaped muscular structure called the: | uvula. |
| The soft palate is the: | Posterior (back) oral roof. |
| The physiology (function) of the uvula: | is to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx during deglutition which means swallowing. |
| Nasopharynx means: | nose and pharynx (throat). |
| The tongue (lingua) is a muscular structure covered on the superior surface with small projections called : | lingual papillae. |
| Lingual papillae contain: | sensory nerves and taste buds. |
| Lingual papillae are: | small projections on the surface of the tongue (lingua). |
| The four (4) tastes are:: | 1. Sweet. 2. Salty. 3. Sour 4. Bitter. |
| The tongue (lingua) is connected to the floor of the oral cavity (mouth) by the: | lingual frenulum. |
| The anterior (front) portion of the labiae are connected to the gingivae by the: | labial frenula |
| PATHWAY OF FOOD The pharynx is aka: | the throat. |
| The pharynx (throat begins the process of: | deglutition aka swallowing. |
| The vessel connecting the pharynx to the stomach is called the: | esophagus. |
| The proximal esophagus passes through the space between the lungs called the: | mediastinum. |
| Proximal means: | beginning. |
| The esophagus is the vessel (tube or duct) connecting the: | pharynx (throat) to the stomach. |
| The distal esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the: | esophageal hiatus |
| Distal means: | end. |
| The diaphragm is the primary muscle of: | ventilation aka breathing. |
| The sphincter between the distal esophagus and stomach is called: | lower esophageal sphincter aka the cardiac sphinchter |
| A sphincter is a: | ring of muscles that opens and closes. |
| The stomach is located in the abdominal LUQ which stands for: | Left Upper Quadrant. |
| The stomach is a bag of muscles designed to digest (churn, squash and squeeze) solid food into: | liquid food. |
| The liquid food is called: | chime. |
| Chemical digestion (breakdown of food) occurs in the stomach due to the secretion (production and discharge) of: | 1. HCl which stands for hydrochloric acid. 2. Pepsin which begins the chemical digestion (break down) of protein (for growth and repair). |
| The stomach lining is protected from digestive enzymes by | mucous membranes secreting a mucus layer. |
| Enzymes are | chemical catalysts. |
| A catalyst is something that causes: | a reaction. |
| After two (2) to six (6) hours of digestion the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum through a ring of muscles called the: | pyloric sphincter. |
| Digestion means; | breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes. |
| The first (1st) section of the small intestine is called the: | duodenum. |
| The small intestine is aka: | the small bowel. |
| The second (2nd) part of the small intestine is called the: | jejunum. |
| The third (3rd) part of the small intestine is called the | ileum. |
| The majority (80%) of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the: | small intestine (small bowel). |
| Absorption means: | movement of digested (broken down) food into the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system for distribution to the body cells. |
| Nutrients absorbed by the small intestine include: | The primary (1st) energy source utilized by the body cells called glucose aka dextrose. |
| Gluucose is: | a type of sugar. |
| Nutrients absorbed by the small intestine include: | Lipids which are necessary for vitamin A, D, E +K absorption and cellular wall creation. |
| Lipids are: | fats. |
| Nutrients absorbed by the small intestine include: | Amino acids for the creation of proteins which are necessary for growth and repair. |
| H2O aka: | water. |
| Nutrients absorbed by the small intestine include: | Organic compounds required for normal growth and metabolism called vitamins. |
| Inorganic compounds required for normal growth and metabolism are called: | minerals. |
| The ileum empties into the 1st section of the LARGE intestine called the: | cecum. |
| The ileum is the: | 3rd section of the small intestine. |
| The ileum (3rd) section of the small bowel empties into the cecum (1st) section of the large bowel through a sphincter called: | the ileocecal valve (sphincter). |
| A sphincter is a: | ring of muscles that opens and closes. |
| A finger-like projection off the cecum is called the: | appendix. |
| The cecum is the : | 1st section of the large intestine. |
| The appendix is located: | in the abdominal RLQ which stands for right lower quadrant. |
| The abdominal region where the appendix is located is called | the right (R) inguinal region. |
| Inguinal is: | iliac. |
| The appendix is a: | finger-like projection off of the cecum which is the 1st section of the large intestine. |
| The 2nd section of the colon is called the: | ascending colon. |
| Ascending means: | going up. |
| The colon is aka: | the large intestine or large bowel. |
| The ascending colon turns (L) at the : | hepatic flexure. |
| Hepatic means: | pertaining to the liver. |
| The 3rd section of the colon is called : | the transverse colon. |
| Transverse means: | across. |
| The transverse colon turns inferiorly at: | the splenic flexure. |
| Splenic means: | pertaining to the spleen. |
| Inferiorly means: | downward. |
| The 4th section of the colon is called: | the descending colon. |
| Descending means: | going down. |
| The 5th section of the colon is called: | sigmoid colon. |
| The 6th section of the colon is called: | rectum. |
| The physiology (function) of the rectum is to: | store the semisolid waste to be eliminated from the body called stool or feces. |
| When the rectum fills with feces (stool), stretch receptors (sensory cells) in the rectal septa (walls) send impulses (messages) to the brain to initiate (star) the act of emptying the rectum abbreviated BM which stands for: | bowel movement aka defecation (defecate). |
| Stool (feces) is eliminated from the body through a ring of muscles that opens and closes called the: | anal sphincter (anus). |
| Eliminated means: | discharged or expelled. |
| When the rectum fills with feces, stretch receptors in the walls send impulses to the brain to initiate the act of emptying the rectum abbreviated BM which stands for: | bowel movement aka defecation. |
| Stool is eliminated from the body through a ring of muscles that open and close called the : | anal sphincter. |
| The primary function of the large intestine is absorption of: | water. |
| Absorption means: | movement of digested food in the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system for distribution to the body cells. |
| The liver is located in the : | abdominal right upper quadrant (RUQ). |
| Functions of the liver include: | 1. Removal of hemolyzed erythrocytes called bilirubin. |
| 2. Removal of toxins called detoxification. Toxins removed by the liver are ammonia, alcohol and medications and drugs. | |
| 3. Storing excess sugar as a substance called glycogen. Glucose is the primary energy source for body cells. | |
| 4. Storing iron . Iron is necesssary for healthy hemoglobin. | |
| 5. Storing the 4 fat soluble vitamins called A, D, E and K | |
| 6. Production of heparin and prothrombin and thrombin which are necessary for coagulation. | |
| 7. Production of a substance to digest lipids (fats) called bile. | |
| Bile is stored in a sac-shaped organ located behind the liver called the: | gall bladder. |
| Bile is produced by: | the liver. |
| Bile is transported from the liver to the gallbladder through a tube called: | common hepatic duct. |
| Bile is transported from the gall bladder to the duodenum through a vessel called: | the common bile duct. |
| The function of bile is to | digest lipids. |
| The pancreas is located retrograstic which means: | behind the stomach. |
| The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the: | duodenum. |
| Pancreatic enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through a vessel called the: | pancreatic duct. |
| The pancreas secretes hormones into the blood stream to control: | blood sugar (BS) called insulin and glucagon. |
Created by:
bterrelonge
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