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What are the characteristics of the Paleolithic era?
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How big was the family group in the Paleolithic era?
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Ch 10 AP HuG Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the characteristics of the Paleolithic era? | Mainly hunters and gatherers; they were nomads; they used simple tools and weapons; there was a lot of space and very few people; the men hunted and the women gathered |
| How big was the family group in the Paleolithic era? | 50 people or less |
| What was the world population in 9000 B.C.? | 5-10 million |
| Why was the population so low in the Paleolithic era? | The main goal was to find food and not have children. The more children=more food that has to be found |
| What is the 1st Agricultural Revolution known as? | Neolithic era |
| the emergence of subsistence agriculture develops independently in several crop hearths | 1st Agricultural Revolution |
| Why was agriculture developed independently in many hearths? | They had no communication with each other so nobody was able to help them. |
| taming animals and plants, changes their genetics | domestication |
| What are some domesticated animals? | Pigs, Goats, Sheep, Cattle |
| When did domestication start? | 8000 BC (10,000 years ago) |
| Where is Mesopotamia/ Fertile Crescent located? | Southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| What did Mesopotamia/ Fertile Crescent domesticate? | wheat, barly, pigs, cattle, sheep, and dogs |
| Where is the Yellow River Valley located? | East Asia |
| What did the Yellow River Valley domesticate? | rice and chicken |
| Where is the Yucatan Peninsula and Incan(Peruvian) located? | Latin America |
| What did the Yucatan Peninsula and Incan domesticate? | corn, potatoes, squash, beans, turkey, and alpaca |
| Where in Sub-Saharan Africa did domestication take place? | West Africa (in the hook) |
| What did West Africa domesticate? | Sorghum, yams, millet and rice |
| When did commercial agriculture begin? | 2nd Agricultural Revolution (1800s) |
| The 2nd Agricultural Revolution took place due to what? | technology from the Industrial Revolution |
| What are the characteristics of the 2nd Agricultural Revolution? | the fields were much larger, but still used the same amount of labor(intense) |
| Are many LDCs still in the 2nd Agricultural Revolution? | YES |
| What is the 3rd Agricultural Revolution known as? | the Green Revolution |
| When does the Green Revolution happen? | The later half of the 20th century (1950s-now) |
| What was a result of the Green Revolution? | Genetically modified crops, fertilizers, irrigation techniques, and pesticides |
| the trade of crops, livestock, and sometimes disease between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia in the 1st Agricultural Revolution | Colombian Exchange |
| producing food needed to survive on a daily basis | subsistence agriculture |
| What are the two types of subsistence agriculture? | intensive and extensive |
| What regions do we find nomadic herding? | Middle East, some of North Africa, North Asia, north of North America, South Africa |
| What regions do we find shifting cultivation? | north of South America, Central Africa, Indonesia, SE Asia (RAINFORESTS! EQUATOR!) |
| yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land) | extensive subsistence agriculture |
| How much of the world population is represented by extensive subsistence agriculture? Why? | a very small percentage; land is expensive and rare |
| What are the two groups of extensive subsistence agriculture? | nomadic herding and shifting cultivation(slash and burn) |
| How much land does extensive subsistence agriculture require? | hundreds and hundreds of square miles |
| also called pastoral nomadism; wandering but controlled movement of livestock | nomadic herding |
| What is nomadic herding solely dependent upon? | natural forage |
| What kind of climate does nomadic herding take place? | dry and cold regions |
| How much land is required for nomadic herding? | large expanses of land |
| movement of animals; takes place in nomadic herding | transhumance |
| What percentage of the world participates in nomadic herding? | a small percentage |
| What does nomadic herding prevent? | desertification |
| when a piece of land is farmed so much to where all of the fertilizer goes away and is left with sand | desertification |
| nomadic farming-slash and burn | Shifting Cultivation |
| What kind of climate does shifting cultivation take place in? | warm, moist lowland climates |
| What percentage of the world (approximately) participates in shifting cultivation? | about 5% |
| Shifting cultivation is a renewable strategy if population is high or low? | LOW |
| What are the cons of shifting cultivation? | growing population, deforestation, and greenhouse gases |
| What does shifting cultivation prevent? | desertification |
| putting many different plants into one till | intertillage |
| yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming (uses a small amount of land) | intensive subsistence agriculture |
| How many people in LDCs use intensive subsistence agriculture? Why? | 3/4; to feed themselves |
| Where does intensive subsistence agriculture take place? | warm, moist climates; E, SE, and S Asia |
| What are the characteristics of intensive subsistence agriculture? | labor-intensive farming; simple tools; small plots of land; often double cropped |
| What is most frequently grown in intensive subsistence agriculture? | rice, wheat, and barley elsewhere |
| increasing phenomenon worldwide; converts waste products to fertilizers, but can cause spread of disease | urban subsistence farming/ garden plots |
| What was the impact of the Green Revolution on subsistence farming? | irrigation problems, seed genetics, displaced traditional farmers, and population growth uncontrolled |
| agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off of the farm | commercial agriculture |
| high yields; high market value; highly perishable; limited field size, repeat plantings; close to the market | intensive commercial agriculture |
| farther from market; cheaper land; large land size required; dry farming/ livestock ranching; low labor requirements; marginal (low) land quality | extensive commercial agriculture |
| refers to the relationship between business and agricultural producers | agribusiness |
| there is no difference in the product regardless of which company you buy from | commodity |
| Is mixed crop and livestock intensive, extensive, or can it be both? | extensive |
| What are the characteristics of mixed crop and livestock? | crops and animals raised together; crops used to feed animals; crop rotation |
| What was the 2 field crop rotation? | 1 field planted; 1 field fallow |
| What was the 3 field crop rotation? | 1 summer field; 1 winter field; 1 fallow field |
| What was the 4 field crop rotation? | 1 summer field; 1 winter field; 1 field with root crops; and 1 field with clover |
| Is dairy farming intensive, extensive, or can it be both? | it can be both |
| Why has the size of the milk shed grown? | transportation advancements |
| a functional region of dairy; the dairy is the center and everything that dairy serves is the surrounding region | milk shed |
| Is grain farming intensive, extensive, or can it be both? | often extensive |
| What is the most common grain crop? | cereal grains |
| What is the most common grain? | wheat |
| What is the most commonly exported crop? | grain |
| 1/2 of the exported grain comes from where? | US and Canada |
| Is livestock ranching intensive, extensive, or can it be both? | extensive |
| What are the characteristics of livestock ranching? | low start up cost; low profit; animals often fattened before slaughter on feedlots; declined in popularity since the 1860s |
| Where does Mediterranean farming take place? | Mediterranean climates around the Mediterranean sea (Greece, Italy, France, North Africa), California, Chile, Australia |
| common-growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers | horticulture |
| Where does horticulture take place? | Mediterranean farming |
| What are the most common crops in Mediterranean farming? | olives and grapes |
| Is commercial gardening and fruit farming intensive, extensive, or can it be both? | intensive |
| Where is commercial gardening and fruit farming most common? | SE US |
| What are the characteristics of commercial gardening and fruit farming? | foods are highly perishable; truck farming; hire migrant workers to reduce cost |
| Is plantation farming intensive, extensive, or can it be both? | extensive |
| What climates are plantation farms located in? | tropical climates |
| What are the characteristics of plantation farming? | isolated locations; import cheap labor; owned by MDCs but located in LDCs; only type of agriculture in LDCs |
| What types of crops do plantation farms grow? | luxury crops (cotton, tea, sugar cane, rubber) |
| farms where the work is done by migrants; farmer does not live at the farm; no one is at the farm unless it is planting or harvesting season | suitcase farms |
| Von Thunen's model suggested that agriculture activities are oriented in space due to their what? | proximity to an urban area and the price of rent |
| What did the land near the market equal according to Von Thunen's model? | high-value crops, intensive land use because the rent is higher |
| What did the land farther away from the market equal according to Von Thunen's model? | low-value crops, extensive land use because rent is lower |
| What were Von Thunen's three assumptions? | isolation, land characteristics, and transportation (study these meanings on notes) |
| What were the factors affecting Von Thunen's model? | topography, soil fertility, climate, and changes in market |
| What are the problems for MDC farmers? | overproduction; difficult to sustain the land |
| due to the green revolution (pesticides, fertilizers) farmers can produce much more food than is needed | overproduction |
| What are the solutions to overproduction for MDC farmers? | farmers are encouraged to plant less; government pays farmers when crop prices are low; government buys surplus and sells it or donates it to foreign countries |
| What is the solution for the problem of the difficulty to sustain land? | sustainable agriculture |
| maintains and enhances the environment | sustainable agriculture |
| farming without pesticides or fertilizer that is not natural | organic farming |
| What are the characteristics of sustainable agriculture? | organic farming; fewer pesticides and chemicals; protects the soil from erosion through ridge tillage; better integration of crops and livestock |
| farming the same ridges over and over again | ridge tillage |
| What does ridge tillage prevent? | desertification and erosion |
| when salt gets into soil (kills the plants) | salinization |
| What are the problems for LDC farmers? | population is growing rapidly; technology is expensive and comes from MDCs |
| What is the solution for LDC farmers on the rapid population growth? | new farming methods with plows and manure (plow and manure are not very effective); land is left fallow for shorter periods of time |
| What is the solution for LDC farmers on how expensive technology is and that it comes from MDCs? | Grow export crops to raise money (coffee, sugar, cocaine, opium) |
| What are examples of technology that LDC farmers do not have that is very useful? | tractor, combine, fertilizer, hoses, refrigerators |
| What are the ways to increase food supply? | increase land by preventing desertification; increase productivity by spreading the Green Revolution; women in agriculture; identify new food sources; increase exports from other countries/ make foods seem better to eat |
| How would more women involved in agriculture industry help the world's food problem? | Women that have a job have less children. So, we would have more food and a limited population. |
| What is an example of a new food source? | aquaculture |
| parts of a country lacking access to fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods; lack of grocery stores, farmers' markets, and healthy food providers; heavy on local quickie marts (processed, sugar, fat laden foods) | food desert |
| Where are food deserts found? | impoverished areas |
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colorguard101
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