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AL 101-Chapter 5
Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| alveol/o | alveolus |
| bronchi/o, bronch/o | bronchus |
| diaphragmat/o, phren/o | diaphragm |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| lob/o | lobe |
| nas/o, rhin/o | nose |
| pharyng/o | pharynx |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o | lung, air |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| sept/o | septum (wall off, fence) |
| sinus/o | sinus |
| thorac/o | thorax (chest) |
| tonsill/o | tonsil |
| trache/o | trachea |
| atel/o | imperfect, incomplete |
| capn/o | carbon dioxide |
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood |
| muc/o | mucus |
| orth/o | straight |
| ox/o, ox/i | oxygen |
| py/o | pus |
| phon/o | sound, voice |
| somn/o | sleep |
| spir/o | breathe, breathing |
| a-, an- | without or absence of |
| endo- | within |
| eu- | normal, good |
| pan- | all, total |
| poly- | many, much |
| tachy- | fast, rapid |
| -algia | pain |
| -ar, -ary, -eal | pertaining to |
| -cele | hernia or protrusion |
| -centesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle) |
| -ectasis | stretching out, dilation, expansion |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -graphy | process of recording, radiographic imaging |
| -meter | instrument used to measure |
| -metry | measurement |
| -pexy | surgical fixation, suspension |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -rrhagia | rapid flow of blood |
| -scope | instrument used for visual examination |
| -scopic | pertaining to visual examination |
| -scopy | visual examination |
| -spasm | sudden, involuntary muscle contraction |
| -stenosis | constriction or narrowing |
| -stomy | creation of an artificial opening |
| -thorax | chest |
| -tomy | cut into or incision |
| nose | lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs. It acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air. |
| nasal septum | partition separating the right and left nasal cavities. |
| paranasal sinuses | air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities |
| pharynx | serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters from the nasal cavities & passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth & passes into the esophagus. (Also called the THROAT.) |
| adenoids | lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity. |
| tonsils | lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth |
| larynx | location of the vocal cords. Air enters from the pharynx. (Also called the VOICE BOX.) |
| epiglottis | flap of cartilage that automatically ocvers the opening of and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing. |
| trachea | passageway for air to the bronchi (also called the WINDPIPE). |
| bronchus (pl. bronchi) | one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides & subdivides. The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a BRONCHIAL TREE. |
| bronchioles | smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree |
| alveolus (pl. alveoli) | air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries. |
| lungs | two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes and the left lung has two lobes. |
| pleura | double-folded serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid. |
| diaphragm | muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process by contracting & pulling air in, then relaxing & pushing air out. |
| mediastinum | space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, & other structures. |
| adenoiditis | inflammation of the adenoids |
| atelectasis | incomplete expansion (of the lung of a newborn or collapsed lung) |
| bronchiectasis | dilation of the bronchi |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus |
| bronchopneumonia | diseased state of the bronchi & lungs, usually caused by infection |
| diaphragmatocele | hernia of the diaphragm |
| epiglottitis | inflammation of the epiglottis |
| hemothorax | blood in the chest (pleural space) |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx |
| laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) | inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called CROUP) |
| lobar pneumonia | pertaining to the lobe(s); diseased state of the lung (infection of one or more lobes of the lung) |
| nasopharyngitis | inflammation of the nose & pharynx |
| pansinusitis | inflammation of all sinuses |
| pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx |
| pleuritis | inflammation of the pleura (also called PLEURISY) |
| pneumatocele | hernia of the lung (lung tissue protrudes through an opening in the chest) |
| pneumoconiosis | abnormal condition of dust in the lungs |
| pneumonia | diseased state of the lung (the infection & inflammation are caused by bacteria such as Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses; & fungi) |
| pneumonitis | inflammation of the lung |
| pneumothorax | air in the chest (pleural space), which causes collapse of the lung |
| pulmonary neoplasm | pertaining to (in) the lung, new growth (tumor) |
| pyothorax | pus in the chest (pleural space). (Also called EMPYEMA.) |
| rhinitis | inflammation of the (mucous membranes) nose |
| rhinomycosis | abnormal condition of fungus in the nose |
| rhinorrhagia | rapid flow of blood from the nose (also called EPISTAXIS) |
| thoracalgia | pain in the chest |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils |
| tracheitis | inflammation of the trachea |
| tracheostenosis | narrowing of the trachea |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | respiratory failure in an adult as a result of disease or injury. Symptoms include dyspnea, rapid breathing, and cyanosis (also called ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME) |
| asthma | respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and constriction of airways |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | a group of disorders that are almost always a result of smoking that obstructs bronchial flow. One or more of the following is present in COPD in varying degrees: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchospasm, & bronchiolitis. |
| coccidioidomycosis | fungal disease affecting the lungs & sometimes other organs of the body (also called VALLEY FEVER or COCCI) |
| cor pulmonale | serious cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disorders, such as emphysema |
| croup | condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, & stridor. It may be caused by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children. |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, & other symptoms. |
| deviated septum | one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum |
| emphysema | stretching of lung tissue caused by the alveoli becoming distended & losing elasticity |
| epistaxis | nosebleed (synonymous with RHINORRHAGIA) |
| influenza | highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus (also called FLU) |
| Legionnaire disease | a lobar pneumonia caused the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. |
| obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to absence of breathing; can produce daytime drowsiness & elevated blood pressure |
| pertussis | highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop (also called WHOOPING COUGH) |
| pleural effusion | escape of fluid into the pleural space as a result of inflammation |
| pulmonary edema | fluid accumulation in the alveoli & bronchioles |
| pulmonary embolism (pl. emboli) (PE) | foreign matter, such as a blood clot, air, or fat clot, carried in the circulation to the pulmonary artery, where it blocks circulation |
| tuberculosis (TB) | an infectious disease, caused by an acid-fast bacillus, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles & usually affecting the lungs |
| upper respiratory infection (URI) | infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx |
| adenoidectomy | excision of the adenoids |
| adenotome | surgical instrument used to cut the adenoids |
| bronchoplasty | surgical repair of a bronchus |
| laryngectomy | excision of the larynx |
| laryngoplasty | surgical repair of the larynx |
| laryngostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the larynx |
| laryngotracheotomy | incision of the larynx & trachea |
| lobectomy | excision of a lobe (of the lung) |
| pleuropexy | surgical fixation of the pleura |
| pneumobronchotomy | incision of lung & bronchus |
| pneumonectomy | excision of a lung |
| rhinoplasty | surgical repair of the nose |
| septoplasty | surgical repair of the (nasal) septum |
| septotomy | incision into the (nasal) septum |
| sinusotomy | incision of a sinus |
| thoracocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity (also called THORACENTESIS) |
| thoracotomy | incision into the chest cavity |
| tonsillectomy | excision of the tonsils |
| tracheoplasty | surgical repair of the trachea |
| tracheostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the trachea |
| tracheotomy | incision of the trachea |
| bronchoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi |
| bronchoscopy | visual examination of the bronchi |
| endoscope | instrument used for a visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity). (Current trend is to use endoscopes for surgical procedures as well as for viewing.) |
| endoscopic | pertaining to visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity) (used to describe the practice of surgeries that use endoscopes) |
| endoscopy | visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity) |
| laryngoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the larynx |
| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx |
| thoracoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the thorax |
| thoracoscopy | visual examination of the thorax |
| capnometer | instrument used to measure carbon dioxide (levels in expired gas) |
| oximeter | instrument used to measure oxygen (saturation in the blood) |
| spirometer | instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volumes) |
| spirometry | a measure of breathing (or lung volumes) |
| polysomnography (PSG) | process of recording many (tests) during sleep (performed to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea). Tests include electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography, air flow monitoring, and oximetry. |
| chest computed tomography (CT) scan | computerized images of the chest created in sections sliced from front to back. Used to diagnose tumors, abscesses, & pleural effusion. Computed tomography is used to visualize other body parts such as the abdomen & brain. |
| chest radiograph (CXR) | a radiographic image of the chest used to evaluate the lungs & the heart (also called a CHEST X-RAY) |
| ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS) | a nuclear medicine procedure used to diagnose pulmonary embolism & other conditions (also called a LUNG SCAN) |
| acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear | a test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis |
| Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) | a test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, & other gases present |
| pulmonary function tests (PFTs) | a group of tests performed to measure breathing, which is used to determine respiratory function or abnormalities & is useful in distinguishing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from asthma |
| pulse oximetry | a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip |
| PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test | a test performed on individuals who have recently been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD of the tuberculin bacillus is injected intradermally. Positive tests indicate previous exposure, not necessarily active tuberculosis (also called TB SKIN TEST) |
| acapnia | condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide (in the blood) |
| anoxia | condition of absence (deficiency) of oxygen |
| aphonia | condition of absence of voice |
| apnea | absence of breathing |
| bronchoalveolar | pertaining to the bronchi & alveoli |
| bronchospasm | spasmodic contraction in the bronchi |
| diaphragmatic | pertaining to the diaphragm (also called PHRENIC) |
| dysphonia | condition of difficult speaking (voice) |
| dyspnea | difficult breathing |
| endotracheal | pertaining to within the trachea |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| hypercapnia | condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in the blood) |
| hyperpnea | excessive breathing |
| hypocapnia | condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood) |
| hypopnea | deficient breathing |
| hypoxemia | condition of deficient oxygen (in the blood) |
| hypoxia | condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues) |
| intrapleural | pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes) |
| laryngeal | pertaining to the larynx |
| laryngospasm | spasmodic condition of the larynx |
| mucoid | resembling mucus |
| mucous | pertaining to mucus |
| nasopharyngeal | pertaining to the nose & pharynx |
| orthopnea | able to breathe easier in an upright position |
| phrenalgia | pain in the diaphragm (also called DIAPHRAGMALGIA) |
| phrenospasm | spasm of the diaphragm |
| pulmonary | pertaining to the lungs |
| pulmonologist | a physician who studies & treats diseases of the lung |
| pulmonology | study of the lung (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung) |
| rhinorrhea | discharge from the nose (as in a cold) |
| tachypnea | rapid breathing |
| thoracic | pertaining to the chest |
| airway | passageway by which air enters & leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed |
| asphyxia | deprivation of oxygen for tissue use; suffocation |
| aspirate | to withdraw fluid or to suction as well as to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract |
| bronchoconstrictor | agent causing narrowing of the bronchi |
| bronchodilator | agent causing the bronchi to widen |
| cough | sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs |
| hiccup | sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm (also called HICCOUGH and SINGULTUS) |
| hyperventilation | ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs |
| hypoventilation | ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body's gas exchange needs |
| mucopurulent | containing both mucus and pus |
| mucus | slimy fluid secreted by the mucous membranes |
| nebulizer | device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment |
| nosocomial infection | an infection acquired during hospitalization |
| paroxysm | periodic, sudden attack |
| patent | open (an airway must be patent) |
| sputum | mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, & trachea expelled through the mouth |
| ventilator | mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing when a patient cannot breathe unassisted |
Created by:
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