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Cranial Nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are muscles derived from pharyngeal arches considered? | Visceral |
| What are the motor nucleus of CN's equivalent to? | Ventral horn |
| What are the sensory nucleus of CN's equivalent to? | Dorsal horn |
| What are the lateral horn of CN's equivalent to? | Autonomic nuclei - parasympathetic nuclei - contains cell bodies of visceral motor neurons |
| What does GSE stand for? | General sensory efferent |
| Are GSE's motor or sensory? | Motor |
| What do GSEs innervate? | Muscles derived from somites |
| What CNs are GSEs? | CN 3, 4, 6, 11, 12 |
| Why aren't CN 5, 7, 9, 10 not considered GSE? | Because they're from pharyngeal arches |
| Why isn't CN 8 a GSE? | Because it is sensory |
| What does GVE stand for? | General visceral efferent |
| Are GVEs motor or sensory? | Motor |
| What CNs are GVE? | CN 3, 7, 9, 10 |
| What does SVE stand for? | Special visceral efferent |
| What do SVEs innervate? | Muscles derived from pharyngeal arches |
| What CNs are SVE? | 5, 7, 9, 10 |
| What does SVA stand for? | Special visceral afferent |
| What does SVA supply | Taste → 7, 9, 10 (small part of 10) |
| Where is the neuron for CN 7- taste? | Medulla |
| What does GVA stand for? | General visceral afferent |
| What is supplied by GVA? | CN 9, 10 |
| What does SSA stand for? | Special somatic afferent |
| What is supplied by SSA? | CN 8 |
| What does GSA stand for? | General somatic afferent |
| What is supplied by GSA? | CN 5, 7 |
| For motor, what does the trigeminal nerve innervate? | Muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini (i.e.all tensor muscles) |
| What are the 3 parts of the trigeminal nerve? | V1-opthalmic, V2-maxillary, V3-mandible |
| For sensory, what does the trigeminal nerve innervate? | Face, sinuses, teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue, cranial dura mater |
| For motor, what does the facial nerve innervate? | Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, platysma, facial glands except parotid |
| For sensory, what does the facial nerve innervate? | Small part of external ear and tympanic membrane, taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| For motor, what does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate? | Stylopharyngeus muscle, parotid gland |
| For sensory, what does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate? | Posterior 1/3 of tongue, oropharynx, carotid body and carotid sinus, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue |
| What are the carotid bodies in charge of? | Chemoreceptors - oxygen tension |
| What are the carotid sinuses in charge of? | Blood pressure |
| For motor, what does the vagus nerve innervate? | Muscle of palate (except tensor veli palatini), pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) and larynx, thoracic, lungs, foregut, and midgut |
| For motor, what does the accessory nerve innervate? | SCM and trapezius |
| For motor, what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate? | Muscles of tongue except palatoglossus |
| Do upper motor neurons innervate bilaterally or unilaterally to cranial nerves? | Bilaterally |
| Do upper motor neurons innervate ipsilaterally or contralaterally to muscles? | Ipsilaterally |
| When is the contralateral innervation from UMN? | Part of hypoglossal nucleu, part of facial motor nucleus, trochlear nucleus sends contralaterally to superior oblique |
| What is the implication of contralateral innervation for part of the hypoglossal nucleus? | Part of genioglossus: tip of tongue |
| What is the implication of contralateral innervation of facial motor nucleus? | Part to lower face - Bell's palsy |
| Where is the 1st neuron in the sensory component of CN? | Sensory ganglion of CN |
| Where is the 2nd neuron in the sensory component of CN? | Ipsilateral sensory nucleus of CN in brainstem |
| Where is the 3rd neuron in the sensory component of CN? | Thalamus and terminates in contralateral cortex |
| What are the exceptions for neuron location in the sensory component of CN? | Olfactory nerve and optic nerve |
| Where are the neurons in the sensory component of the olfactory nerve? | 1st - olfactory epithelium, 2nd - olfactory bulb. Goes to olfactory areas of brain |
| Where are the neurons in the sensory component of the optic nerve? | 1st- retina, 2nd - thalamus (LGN) . Goes to visual cortex |
| Where are the nuclei for CN 1 & 2? | Olfactory bulb, retina |
| Where are the nuclei for CN 3, 4? | Midbrain |
| Where are the nuclei for CN 5, 6, 7, 8? | Pons. V- extending up and down into midbrain and medulla. VII, VIII - extending into medulla |
| Where are the nuclei for CN 9, 10, 11, 12? | Medulla |
| What kind of info does the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve carry? | Pain, temperature, light touch |
| What kind of info does the chief nucleus of trigeminal nerve carry? | Discriminative sensation, light touch, conscious proprioception |
| What kind of info does the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve carry? | Proprioception |
| What type of muscles does SVE supply to for CN V? | Muscles derived from pharyngeal arches |
| For CN VI, where does the SVE start from? | Trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons |
| What is the function of the SVE for CN V? | Muscles of mastication and tensor tympani |
| For CN V, where does the SVE receive output from? | Cochlear nucleus, mesencephalic portion of trigeminal sensory nucleus, and cortex |
| For CN V, what is the reason for the cochlear nucleus input for SVE? | Adjust tension of tympanic membrane in response to sound but it should be noted that reflex does not involve the cortex |
| What can we say is the function of the tensor tympani? | When we hear different sounds, tension of tympanic membrane is adjusted by tensor tympani |
| For CN V, what is the reason for the mesencephalic portion of trigeminal sensory nucleus input for SVE? | Allows for reflex chewing although the reflex does not involve the cortex |
| For CN V, what is the reason for the cortex input for SVE? | Voluntary control of chewing |
| What does trigeminal neuralgia present itself as? | Brief, severe facial paino n one side of the face |
| What can trigger trigeminal neuralgia? | Diverse stimuli - touch, talking, eating, water from a shower, combing hair, kissing, etc. |
| What is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia? | No clear cause but could be brought on by MS or a compression of the trigeminal nerve root by blood vessels or a tumor |
| What is the division of the trigeminal that innervates the muscles of mastication? | Mandibular division |
| How does the tensor tympani adjust noise for us? | It is connected to the auditory tube to the handle of the malleus. It acts to increase the tension in the tympanic membrane, thus protecting it from excessive vibration in response to loud sounds. |
| For CN V, where does the GSA carry info to? | Trigeminal sensory nucleus in the midbrain and the pons (mostly chief and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) |
| For CN V, what is the function of GSA if it carries info to the trigeminal sensory nucleus in the midbrain (mesencephalic)? | Carries proprioceptive information from face |
| For CN V, what does the GSA connect to if carrying proprioceptive info from the face? | Motor nucleus of CN V and sensory cortex |
| What is the reason for the connection of GSA to motor nucleus of CN V? | Allowed for reflex chewing |
| For CN V, what is the reason for the connection of GSA to the sensory cortex? | Conscious appreciation of proprioception and sensation |
| For CN V, what is the function of GSA if it carries info to the trigeminal sensory nucleus in the pons? | Carries sensory info from the face |
| For CN V, what does the GSA connect to if carrying sensory info from the face? | Sensory cortex |
| For CN V, what are the clinical considerations of GSA for the sensory cortex? | Trigeminal neuralgia |
| The tensor tympani is particularly useful for what? | Muscle is contracted primarily to dampen the noise produced by chewing |
| How can the trigeminal nerve cause headaches? | Because it supplies massive part of dura mater |
| For CN VII, where does SVE start from? | Facial motor nucleus in pons |
| What is the function of SVE for CN VII? | Innervates muscles of facial expression and stapedius |
| For CN VII, where does SVE receive input from? | Cortex, limbic system, chief portion of trigeminal sensory nucleus, and cochlear nucleus |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for SVE to receive input from the cortex? | Voluntary movement of facial muscles |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for SVE to receive input from the limbic system? | Facial responses based on emotion (i.e. angry face, happy face) |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for SVE to receive input from the chief portion of trigeminal sensory nucleus? | Corneal reflex: blinking eye |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for SVE to receive input from the cochlear nucleus? | Stapedius reflex dampens sounds |
| For CN VII, what are the clinical considerations for SVE when receiving input from the cortex? | Upper vs lower motor neuron lesions - Bell's Palsy |
| For CN VII, where does the GVE start from? | Superior salivatory nucleus in pons |
| For CN VII, what is the function of GVE? | Innervates all lacrimal and salivary glands except parotid |
| For CN VII, where does the GVE receive input from? | Limbic areas, olfactory areas, hypothalamus, chief portion of trigeminal sensory nucleus, and gustatory nucleus |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for GVE to receive input from the limbic areas? | Cry when sad |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for GVE to receive input from the olfactory areas? | Salivate in response to smell |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for GVE to receive input from the hypothalamus? | Hypothalamus always regulates autonomics, in this case salivation |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for GVE to receive input from the chief portion of trigeminal sensory nucleus? | Tearing of eye |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for GVE to receive input from the gustatory nucleus and CN IX? | Salivation in response to taste |
| Which CN has longest pathway inside of skull? | CN VII |
| For CN VII, where does the SVA carry info to? | Gustatory nucleus |
| What is the gustatory nucleus? | Upper part of solitary nucleus |
| For CN VII, what is the function of SVA? | Carries taste info from anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| For CN VII, what does the SVA connect to? | Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei and cortex |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for the connection between SVA and superior and inferior salivatory nuclei? | Salivation in response to taste |
| For CN VII, what is the reason for the connection between SVA and cortex? | Conscious appreciation of taste? |
| What CN innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | CN VII |
| What CN innervates the other parts of the tongue (not anterior 2/3)? | CN IX |
| What CN innervates the motor part of tongue? | CN XII |
| What CN is the general and special sensory for tongue? | Input: general is IX and output |
| What causes Bell's Palsy? | Trauma to facial nerve - such as a viral meningitis infection |
| What are the symptoms of Bell's Palsy? | Weakness, twitching, or paralysis of facial muscles; dry eye or mouth; impaired taste |
| What symptoms would result from damage to the visceral motor portion of the facial nerves? | Weakness, twitching, or paralysis of facial muscles; dry eyes or mouth |
| What symptoms would result from damage to the special sensory comonent of the facial nerve? | Impaired taste |
| Besides the tensor tympani, what other muscle helsp to dampen sounds? | Stapedius attaches to the stapes to help dampen sounds |
| Describe the innervation from the cortex to the face | Bilateral innervation to upper face, contralateral to lower face |
| For the face, what CN carries sensory information in? | CN V |
| For the face, what CN carries motor responses out? | CN VII |
| Where is the primary gustatory region of the cortex? | Insula |
| If there is a lower motor neuron lesion, where would the mouth deviate and why? | Lower - ipsilateral - mouth deviated away from lesion |
| If there is an upper motor neuron lesions, where would the mouth deviate and why? | Upper - contralateral - mouth deviated towards lesion |
| If there is a motor neuron lesion, where would the mouth deviate and why? | Complete paralysis |
| Where would the mouth deviate if there is damage in the CN VII? | Mouth will deviate towards healthy muscle - doesn't matter if upper or lower neuron |
| We know that there is a bilateral innervation to upper face, so what is the implication for this if there is an upper motor neuron? | Forehead will usually be spared while there will be contralateral facial weakness |
| For CN IX, where does SVE start from? | Nucleus ambiguus - medulla - CN IX, X, XI |
| For CN IX, what is the function of SVE? | Innervates stylopharyngeus |
| For CN IX, where does the SVE receive input from and why? | Cortex for voluntary muscle control |
| For CN IX, where does the GVE start from? | Inferior salivatory nucleus |
| For CN IX, what is the function of GVE? | Innervates parotid gland |
| For CN IX, where does the GVE receive input from? | Olfactory areas, hypothalamus, nucleus solitarius |
| For CN IX, why does the GVE receive input from the olfactory area? | Salivation in response to smell |
| For CN IX, why does the GVE receive input from the hypothalamus? | Regulates autonomic |
| For CN IX, why does the GVE receive input from the nucleus solitarius? | Salivation in response to taste |
| For CN IX, where does the GVA carry info to and why? | Nucleus solitarius to carry info from carotid body (chemoreceptor) and carotid sinus (baroreceptor) |
| For CN IX, where does the GVA connect to and why? | Hypothalamus and reticular formation to control respiration, blood pressure, and cardiac output |
| For CN IX, where does the GSA carry info to and why? | Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve to carry pain info from back of tongue and oropharynx |
| For CN IX, what does the GSA connect to and why? | Cortex - conscious appreciation of senses, nucleus ambiguus - gag reflex |
| For CN IX, how does the GSA connect to the cortex? | Via contralateral thalamus to contralateral cortex |
| For CN IX, where does the SVA carry info to and why? | Nucleus solitarius to carry taste from back of tongue |
| For CN IX, what does the SVA connect to and why? | Primary gustatory cortex - conscious appreciation of taste, superior and inferior salivatory nuclei - salivation in response to taste |
| For the gag reflex, which CN is the afferent and which CN is the efferent? | Afferent - CN IX, Efferent - CN X |
| How is the gag reflex initiated? | In response to stroking the back of the throat and is mediated by the vagus nerve |
Created by:
nnguyen44
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