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Micro-Unit 3/4 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA Structure: basic structure is the ____ in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic | same |
| DNA structure: no histones, contain exons, no introns | prokaryotes |
| DNA that codes for something; a coding region of a gene that contains the information required to encode a protein; found in pro and euk | exons |
| space filling DNA | introns |
| DNA structure: DNA wrapped around histones (proteins) to keep it organized, contain exons and introns | eukaryotes |
| chromosome number in prokaryotes | only one |
| chromosome number in eukaryotes | more than one |
| chromosome arrangement: prokaryotes, eukaryotes | prokaryotes = circular; eukaryotes = linear |
| genetic processes (replication, transcription, translation): all three processes basically the same except for _____, ______, and _____ | timing, efficiency, and location |
| two replication forks; bidirectional | prokaryotes |
| one replication fork; proceeds in one direction from one end of chromosome to the other | eukaryotes |
| have operons; _____ genes for a similar purpose together; occurs in cytoplasm (no nucleus) | transcription, prokaryote |
| no operons; occurs in nucleus; post ____-tional editing (edits mRNA after _____) | transcription, eukaryotes |
| occurs in cytoplasm; occurs simultaneously with transcription | translation, prokaryotes |
| occurs in cytoplasm; second of two step process (transcription makes mRNA in nucleus then it must exit into cytoplasm where ______ occurs) | translation, eukaryotes |
| 3 types of horizontal gene transfer | conjugation, transformation, transduction (natural)/ transfection (artificial) |
| horizontal gene transfer: direct contact (pili), plasmids, natural; bacteria proactively seeking genetic variation for survival | conjugation |
| horizontal gene transfer: no direct contact (no pili), plasmid (naked DNA), natural, artificial; bacteria proactively seeking genetic variation for survival | transformation |
| horizontal gene transfer: no direct contact (no pili), no plasmid; bacteria forced into variation by virus | transduction (natural)/ transfection (artificial) |
| outcomes of horizontal gene transfer | no positive or negative impact; positive impact; negative impact |
| transfer of genes b/w two organisms in the same generation | horizontal gene transfer |
| if DNA transferred from first bacteria could be used in the second bacteria | positive impact of horizontal gene transfer |
| DNA transferred from first bacteria blocked a gene in the second bacteria and stopped second bacteria from working properly | negative impact of horizontal gene transfer |
| a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes | chromosome |
| each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division; each contains a double helix of DNA | chromatids |
| all of the DNA found in an organism; one complete copy of the genetic information in a cell | genome |
| a segment of DNA independent of the chromosomes and capable of replication, occurring in bacteria and yeast: used in recombinant DNA procedures to transfer genetic material from one cell to another | plasmid |
| a molecular structure that is formed during the transcription of DNA when a limited portion of the DNA double strand is unwound; formed by the RNA Polymerase when the enzyme binds with a promoter | transcription bubble |
| a small piece of DNA that can move from one DNA molecule to another; can jump into different places of the genome; "jumping genes", "jumping DNA" | transposons |
| the science of using living organisms or the products of living organisms for the benefit of humans and their surroundings | biotechnology |
| examples of biotechnology (genetic engineering) | food (bread, cheese, yogurt), medications (insulin into bacteria to create more insulin), plants (inserting gene for pest resistance), oil spills (bacteria to clean up/ eat oil) |
| body’s defense mechanism | immunity |
| type of immunity? natural immunity---born with it; not specific | innate immunity |
| type of immunity? specific – creates a specific response to a specific target | adaptive immunity |
| 3 major lines of defense/steps in immunity | barriers, inflammatory response, adaptive immunity (humoral response, cell mediated response) |
| immunity type? defense type? skin (sweat--salts + oils, normal flora) | innate, barrier |
| immunity type? defense type? line all portals of entry of body, glycoproteins (sticky to trap microbes), natural lysozymes, natural antibodies | innate, mucous membranes |
| blood flows at site of entry; edema, heat, blood cells enter the area | inflammation |
| what causes redness during inflammatory response? | RBCs |
| what causes clotting to seal damaged area during inflammatory response? | platelets |
| 4 nonspecific WBCs in innate immunity? their mode of action? | neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocytes; phagocytosis |
| nonspecific chemicals of innate immunity | CCHIP; cytokines (cell communication), compliment (protein markers of foreign bodies until WBC can kill it), histamines, interferons, pyrogenic chemicals |
| specific response to a specific target; any substance that causes antibody formation | antigen (aka immunogen) |
| adaptive immunity involves what WBC? | lymphocytes |
| adaptive immunity: humoral response involves what type of WBC? | B lymphocytes |
| what do B lymphocytes produce? | antibodies |
| basic structure of antibodies | Y-shaped, Fc and Fv region (fragment, constant, variable) |
| 5 classes of antibodies | MADGE; IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE |
| targets microbes in body fluids; combat antigens | antibodies |
| adaptive immunity: cell-mediated response involves what type of WBC? | T lymphocytes |
| types of T lymphocytes | T Helper cells, Cytotoxic T cells |
| cell-mediated response targets microbes in ____? | tissue |
| T cells move through tissues to go after microbes | diapedesis |
| type of immune response: occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response | natural active |
| type of immune response: fetus in utero, infants from mothers breast milk | natural passive |
| type of immune response: vaccination | artificial active |
| type of immune response: antitoxin | artificial passive |
| disorders of the immune system: category(ies) that are hyper- or overly-sensitive | hypersensitivity, autoimmune |
| allergan instead of antigen; basophils digest allergen and release histamines; within minutes you have an IgE response; can be local or systemic | Hypersensitivity Type I – anaphylactic |
| immune hypersensitivity to cells that are normal human cells; blood group (ABO’s system, Rh system +/-), drug induced (thrombocyte purpura, agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia) | Hypersensitivity Type II – cytotoxic |
| starts with a normal antibody response, then the antibody/ antigen complex flows through the blood and gets lodged in the kidney -- Glomerular nephritis | Hypersensitivity Type III - immune complex |
| at the end of a normal cell mediated response the memory cells become active too soon and over produce cytotoxins (contact dermatitis; poison ivy, poison oak) | Hypersensitivity Type IV - delayed cytotoxic response |
| loss of self tolerance (hypersensitivity to own cells) | Autoimmune disorders |
| mutated Ab’s attach normal self antigen (Myasthenia gravis, Graves disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythema, Multiple sclerosis, Type II Diabetes) | cytotoxic autoimmune disorder |
| T cells triggered to make s abnormal antibodies (Type I diabetes, graft versus host, Psoriasis) | Cell mediated autoimmune disorder |
| a group of conditions resulting from inflammation and tissue damage induced in tissues where immune complexes are formed or deposited | Immune complex autoimmune disorder |
| disorders of the immune system: category(ies) that are under-sensitive | immunodeficiency |
| can occur as part of an infection or be induced to suppress the immune system | Immunodeficiency, immunosuppression |
Created by:
nurse savage
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