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AP Psy mod 2 researc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen i |
| Critical Thinking | Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| Theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| Operational Definition | A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables |
| Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
| Case Study | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth I the hope of revealing universal principles |
| Survey | A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
| Population | All the cases in a group being studied from which samples can be drawn |
| Random Sample | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Naturalistic Observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
| Correlation Coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two things. |
| Scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
| Illusory Correlation | The perception of a relationship where none exists |
| Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
| Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
| Double-Blind Procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
| Placebo Effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone |
| Experimental Group | In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
| Control Group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment |
| Independent Variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| Confounding Variable | A variable other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | The outcome factor; The variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
| Mode | The most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
| Mean | The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
| Median | The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
| Range | The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| Normal Curve | A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data |
| Statistical Significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
| Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Informed Consent | An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
| Debriefing | The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants. |
Created by:
A. Shearer
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