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C.PSCH UNIT 8 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Hnrs. C.Psych Unit 8 Test Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is "psycholinguistics"? | This is "an interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas". |
| What are "phonemes"? | These are "the basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds 'a', 'k', and 'th'." |
| How many "phonemes" are there in the English language? | There are about 40 of these in the English language. |
| What does the term "morpheme" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the basic unit of meaning". |
| Give one (1) example of a "morpheme". | One (1) example of this is the word "reactivated" - it contains 4 "morphemes": "re-", "active", "-ate", and "-ed". Each of these segments conveys meaning. |
| What does the term "morphology" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the study of morphemes". |
| What does the term "syntax" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences". |
| What does the term "grammar" mean/refer to? | This term "includes both morphology and syntax and examines both word structure and sentence structure". |
| What does the term "pragmatics" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "our knowledge of the social rules that underlie language use; takes the listener's perspective into account". |
| List two (2) reasons why English is considered to be an "outlier language". | 1.) It has relatively simple grammar, mainly because there is a negative correlation between a language's number of speakers & the language's complexity; 2.) English has many more irregular pronunciations than other major world languages. |
| List two (2) of Noam Chomsky's proposals theory of psycholinguistics. | 1.) He proposes that humans have innate language skills; 2.) He proposed that language is "modular" (people have a set of specific linguistic abilities that are separated from other cognitive processes). |
| What is the difference between the "surface structure" and the "deep structure" of sentences according to Noam Chomsky? | "Surface structure" is represented by the words that are actually spoken or written while "deep structure" is the underlying, more abstract meaning of a sentence. |
| Give an example of "surface structure" and "deep structure" as explained by Noam Chomsky. | "Sara threw the ball." "The ball was thrown by Sara." Both sentences have different "surface structure" but very similar "deep structures". (Pg. 301) |
| What are "ambiguous sentences"? | These are sentences that may have identical surface structures but very different "deep structures". |
| What does the "cognitive - functional approach" to linguistics state? | This theory "emphasizes that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals". |
| What did Michael Tomasello find during his research where how adults structure their language is concerned? | This researcher found that adults use language strategically - they structure their language in order to focus their listener's attention. |
| What did psychologists find (in the 1960's) related to 4 situations in which people might have difficulty understanding sentences? | 1.) If sentences contain negatives such as "not"; 2.) If sentences are stated in the passive rather than active voice; 3.) If they have complex syntax; 4.) If sentences are ambiguous. |
| What does the "good - enough approach" to language comprehension state? | This states that we frequently process only part of a sentence. |
| What does the discipline of "neurolinguistics" encompass? | This discipline encompasses how the brain processes language. |
| What do people living with "aphasia" have trouble doing? | People living with this condition have trouble communicating due to damage to the speech areas of the brain. |
| What is one (1) cause of "aphasia"? | One (1) cause of this is when a person suffers a stroke. (Another is when a person has a tumor that effects the speech areas of the brain.) |
| What happens when a person suffers damage to Broca's Area of their brain? | When this happens, their speech is hesitant and they primarily use isolated words and short phrases. |
| What happens when a person suffers damage to Wernicke's Area of their brain? | When this happens, the person has serious difficulties understanding language. |
| People living with "Wernicke's Aphasia" have what main difficulty? | They cannot understand basic instructions. |
| What does the term "lateralization" mean/ refer to where the study of the brain and nervous system is concerned? | This term refers to the idea that "each hemisphere of the brain has somewhat different functions". |
| What is the "mirror system" where neurolinguistics is concerned? | This refers to a "network of neurons in the brain's motor cortex that are activated when you watch someone perform an action". |
| What does the right hemisphere of the brain do where language/ neurolinguistics is concerned? | This hemisphere of the brain performs abstract language tasks such as creative cohesive stories from information. |
| What does the left hemisphere of the brain do where language/ neurolinguistics is concerned? | This hemisphere of the brain performs most components of language processing such as speech perception and understanding meaning. |
| What does the "dual - route approach to reading" encompass? | This specifies that readers employ both a direct - access route and an indirect - access route where word comprehension is concerned. |
| What is the difference between the "direct - access route" and the "indirect - access route" to word comprehension? | In the "direct - access route", you recognize a word directly through vision, you don't sound out the words. In the "indirect - access route", as soon as you see a word, you translate what's on the page in some form of sound, then you access its meaning. |
| What is the "whole-word approach" to language comprehension? | This approach states that readers can directly connect the written word - as an entire unit - with the meaning that the word represents. |
| What does the "phonics approach" to language comprehension state? | This approach states that readers recognize words by trying to pronounce the individual letters in the word. |
| What does the "whole-language approach" to language comprehension state? | This approach states that reading instruction should emphasize meaning, and it should be enjoyable, to increase children's enthusiasm about learning to read. |
| What does the term "discourse" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "interrelated units of language that are larger than a sentence". |
| What are "inferences? | These are "conclusions that go beyond the isolated phrase or sentence". |
| What does the term "theory of mind" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the condition in which readers try to figure out the mental state of other people in their lives". |
| What does the "constructionist view of inferences" state? | This view states that "readers usually draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationships between events". |
| What is "latent semantic analysis"? | This is the name of an artificial intelligence program developed by Thomas Landauer and his colleagues that can do many complicated, language - oriented tasks such as assess creative writing. |
| What has research found related to students who are living with high test anxiety (as compared to those living with low test anxiety) where test performance is concerned? | Research found that students living with high test anxiety make more mistakes on multiple-choice tests, in summarizing textbook material, and in drawing inferences from a textbook. |
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