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NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
Fundamentals of Disease Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES | |
| Meningitis means: | inflammation of the meninges. |
| Meninges are: | protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| The most severe type of meningitis is caused by bacterial antigens such as: | 1. Meningococci. |
| The most severe type of meningitis is caused by bacterial antigens such as: | 2. Streptococci. |
| The most severe type of meningitis is caused by bacterial antigens such as: | 3. Pneumococci. |
| Antigens are: | pathogenic (disease creating) microorganisms. |
| Bacterial meningitis can be fatal which means: | deadly. |
| Most recover completely from: | meningitis. |
| Antigens (pathogenic microorganisms) usually migrate (move) to the meninges from other infection sites (locations) such as: | 1. OM which stands for otitis media (middle ear inflammation). |
| Antigens (pathogenic microorganisms) usually migrate (move) to the meninges from other infection sites (locations) such as: | 2. An URI which stands for upper respiratory infection. |
| Antigens (pathogenic microorganisms) usually migrate (move) to the meninges from other infection sites (locations) such as: | 3. Inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the cranial (skull) cavities (spaces) called sinusitis. |
| Meningitis is a communicable (contagious) disease commonly affecting those with a compromised (weakened) immune system such as: | children and young adults. |
| Meningitis is commonly transmitted by close contact such as: | a. Coughing and/or sneezing. |
| Meningitis is commonly transmitted by close contact such as: | b. Kissing. |
| Meningitis is commonly transmitted by close contact such as: | c. Sharing drink containers. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 1. Pyrexia (fever) greater than 104F called hyperthermia. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 2. Severe headache (HA) called cephalgia. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 3. Disorientation which means confusion. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 4. Stiffness of the neck. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 5. N+V which stands for nausea and vomiting. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 6. Photophobia which means sensitivity to light. |
| Signs and symptoms of meningitis include: | 7. Gran man seizures aka confulsions. |
| Diagnosis of meningitis is confirmed (proven) with a LP which stands for: | lumbar puncture (LP) to obtain a sample of CSF which stands for cerebrospinal fluid. |
| A lumbar puncture (LP) is: | aka a "spinal tap". |
| Treatment for meningitis includes: | 1. Medications against fever (pyrexia) called antipyretics. |
| Treatment for meningitis includes: | 2. Antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections. |
| Treatment for meningitis includes: | 3. Intravenous (IV) therapy to prevent dehydration. |
| Meningitis means: | inflammation of the meninges which are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| Without treatment, meningitis can cause permanent brain damage such as: | a. Blindness and anacusis which means no hearing (deafness). |
| Without treatment, meningitis can cause permanent brain damage such as: | b. Loss of feeling and/or movement called paralysis. |
| Without treatment, meningitis can cause permanent brain damage such as: | c. Decreased IQ (intelligence quotient) causing ID which stands for intellectual disability aka mental retardation (M). |
| Without treatment, meningitis can cause permanent brain damage such as: | d. Abnormal accumulation (collection) of fluid in the brain called hydrocephalus. |
| Hydrocephalus cause an increased IP which stands for: | intracranial pressure. |
| Immunizations ( vaccinations or innoculations) for meningococcal (bacterial) meningitis include: | Menactra and Menomune. |
| Immunizations for pneumococcal (bacterial) meningitis include: | Pneumovax 23 and Pnu-Immune 23. |
| Immunizations (inoculations) are antigens (disease creators) that have been: | crippled (attenuated) or killed (inactivated). |
| ENCEPHALITIS | |
| Encephalitis means: | inflammation of the brain. |
| Encephalitis can be caused by: | 1. A flu virus aka influenza. |
| Encephalitis can be caused by: | 2. The HSV which stands for herpes simplex virus. |
| Encephalitis can be caused by: | 3. Rubella aka measles. |
| Encephalitis can be caused by: | 4. Parotitis aka mumps. |
| Encephalitis can be caused by: | 5. Rubella aka German measles. |
| Encephalitis can be caused by: | 6. Varicella aka chicken pox. |
| Inflammation of the brain can be caused by: | 7. The WNV which stands for West Nile Virus and is abbreviated WNE which stands for West Nile Encephalitis. |
| The West Nile Virus (WNV) is transmitted (spread) by: | mosquitos. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 1. Pyrexia (fever) greater than 104F called hyperthermia. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 2. Severe headache (HA) called cephalgia. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 3. Disorientation which means confusion. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 4. Stiffness of the neck. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 5. N+V which stands for nausea and vomiting. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 6. Photophobia which means sensitivity to light. |
| Signs and symptoms of encephalitis include: | 7. Gran mal seizures aka convulsions. |
| 70-80% of people with West Nile Virus (WNV) are: | asymptomatic which means no symptoms. |
| Those at higher risk for encephalitis include: | 1. Children. |
| Those at higher risk for encephalitis include: | 2. Elderly. |
| Those at higher risk for encephalitis include: | 3. Immunocompromised clients. |
| Diagnosis of encephalitis is confirmed (proven) with a LP which stands for: | lumbar puncture (LP) (spinal tap) to obtain a sample of CSF which stands for cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Treatment for encephalitis includes: | 1. Medications against fever called antipyretics. |
| Treatment for encephalitis includes: | 2. Intravenous (I) therapy to prevent dehydration. |
| Treatment for encephalitis includes: | 3. NSAIDS which stands for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. |
| SHINGLES | |
| Shingles is an acute (sudden) and chronic (persistent) incurable sensory neuritis which means: | inflammation of peripheral nerves. |
| Shingles is aka HZ which stands for: | herpes zoster. |
| Herpes Zoster (HZ) causes nerve pain abbreviated PHN which stands for: | post-herpetic neuralgia. |
| Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) can last: | from weeks to years. |
| Shingles (herpes zoster) is the: | sequela (aftereffect) of an infection from VZV which stands for varicella zoster virus. |
| The primary (first) infection from the varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes: | chicken pox. |
| Signs and symptoms of shingles (herpes zoster) include: | 1. Painful erythematous unilateral vesicular (blisters) skin lesions which means red fluid filled papules on one side. |
| Signs and symptoms of shingles (herpes zoster) include: | 2. Pruritis which means itching. |
| Signs and symptoms of shingles (herpes zoster) include: | 3. Cicatrices which are scars. |
| Shingles (Herpes zoster) most commonly occurs (happens) in people over the age of: | 50. |
| A vaccination that reduces the risk of shingles (herpes zoster) and recommended for those over age 50 who have had varicella zoster (chickenpox) is called: | Shingrix. |
| Treatment for shingles includes: | 1. Medications against the proliferation (rapid reproduction) of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) called antivirals. |
| Treatment for shingles includes: | 2. Narcotic analgesics to relieve pain. |
| Activation of the dormant (inactive) varicella zoster virus (VZV) is associated with a compromised: | immune system and poorly controlled stress. |
| TETANUS | |
| Tetanus is an acute (sudden) infection of motor neurons caused the tetanus bacillus that lives in the: | intestines of animals |
| Motor neurons are: | nerve cells of movement. |
| Tetanus bacilli are found in: | fecal material. |
| Tetanus bacilli can survive as spores (seeds) indefinitely: | (40+ years) in the soil. |
| Wounds most susceptible (likely) to tetanus are: | ragged lacerated (cut or torn) tissue contaminated with soil. |
| Tetanus bacilli produce a powerful toxin (poison) that circulates to the nerve cells of movement called: | motor neurons. |
| Affected motor neurons can cause: | 1. Muscle stiffness in the neck, back, shoulders and jaw hence the name "lockjaw". |
| Affected motor neurons can cause: | 2. Painful muscle spasms which are involuntary contractions. |
| Affected motor neurons can cause: | 3. Dyspnea which means difficult ventilation (breathing). |
| Affected motor neurons can cause: | 4. Asphyxiation which means suffocation. |
| Tetanus has an incubation (latent) period of: | 1-3 weeks. |
| Incubation (latent) period is: | the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms called manifestation. |
| Treatment for tetanus includes: | 1. Thorough wound cleansing and removal of necrotic (dead) tissue and removal of FB( foreign bodies) called debridement. |
| Treatment for tetanus includes: | 2. Administration (giving) of tetanus vaccine abbreviated TT which stands for tetanus toxoid. |
| Treatment for tetanus includes: | 3. Administration (giving) of Tdap (DPT) tetanus diphtheria and pertussis. |
| Pertussis is aka: | whooping cough. |
| EPILEPSY | |
| Epilepsy is characterized (described) by chronic (persistent, recurring) abnormal electrical activity in the brain resulting in: | seizures. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 1. Heredity aka familial or genetic. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 2. Pyrexia greater than 104F called hyperthermia. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 3. TBI which stands for traumatic brain injury. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 4. BT which stands for brain tumor. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 5. A blood condition of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste called uremia or azotemia. Uremia (azotemia) shows RF which stands for renal failure. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 6. Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord called meningitis. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 7. Inflammation of the brain called encephalitis. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 8. Abuse of alcohol (ETOH) and/or drugs. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | 9. Eclampsia which refers to seizures associated with PIH which stands for pregnancy induced hypertension. |
| Seizures (Sz) that include convulsions are called: | grand mal seizures. |
| Grand mal seizures (convulsions) include body stiffening called the tonic phase followed by: | violent jerking called the clonic phase. |
| Grand mal seizures (convulsions) are also characterized by: | 1. LOC which stands for loss of consciousness. |
| Grand mal seizures (convulsions) are also characterized by: | 2. Biting of the lingua aka the tongue. |
| Grand mal seizures (convulsions) are also characterized by: | 3. Hypersalivation which means excessive saliva production. |
| Grand mal seizures (convulsions) are also characterized by: | 4. Enuresis which means loss of bladder control aka urinary incontinence. |
| Seizures (Sz) characterized (described) by a brief sudden amnesic (memory loss) lapse (failure) of awareness are called: | petit mal seizures aka absence seizures. |
| Petit mal (absence) seizures (Sz) are characterized (described) by: | 1. Loss of awareness for 10-30 seconds. |
| Petit mal (absence) seizures (Sz) are characterized (described) by: | 2. Fluttering of the eyelids.` |
| Petit mal (absence) seizures (Sz) are characterized (described) by: | 3. Lip smacking and chewing motions. |
| Petit mal (absence) seizures (Sz) are characterized (described) by: | 4. Amnesia of the seizure which means no memory. |
| Petit mal seizures are more common in: | children. |
| A premonition (forewarning) of an impending (about to happen) seizure is called an: | aura. |
| Auras (premonitions or forewarnings) include: | 1. A sudden sense of unprovoked (no cause) fear. |
| Auras (premonitions or forewarnings) include: | 2. A deja vu experience which is a feeling that what's happening has happened before. |
| Auras (premonitions or forewarnings) include: | 3. A sensation of a sudden or strange odor or taste. |
| The period of time after a seizure when the victim may experience disorientation (confusion) and somnolence (sleepiness) is called the: | postictal state. |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of epilepsy is confirmed (proven) with an EEG which stands for: | electroencephalogram. Electroencephalogram (EEG) means a record of the electrical activity in the brain. |
| Treatment (Tx) for epilepsy includes: | |
| Epilepsy is: | chronic abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures aka a seizure disorder. |
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic (unknown cause), genetic (familial) autoimmune (AI) chronic (persistent) progressive, degenerative (deterioration) disease of the: | CNS which stands for central nervous system. |
| Multiple sclerosis is twice as likely to occur (happen) in: | adult women. |
| The most common form of multiple sclerosis (MS) is abbreviated RRMS which stands for: | relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. |
| Relapsing means the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease: | return. |
| Remitting means the signs and symptoms of a chronic (persistent) disease: | abate or subside which means diminish (lessen) or disappear. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 1. Ataxia which means no coordination. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 2. Tingling and numbness in the extremities called paresthesia. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 3. Involuntary (no control) rhythmic muscle movement called shaking tremors. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 4. Involuntary (no control) rapid eyeball movements called nystagmus. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 5. Diplopia which means double vision. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 6. Loss of vision called blindness. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 7. Progressive fatigue which means loss of energy. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 8. Dysphasia which means difficulty speaking. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 9. Enuresis which means loss of bladder control aka urinary incontinence. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 10. Difficulty with memory, comprehension (understanding) and reasoning (judgement) called cognitive dysfunction. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 11. Decreased libido which means sex drive. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 12. ED which stands for erectile dysfunction. |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | 13. MDD which stands for major depressive disorder aka clinical depression. |
| Treatment (Tx) for multiple sclerosis (MS) includes decreasing the severity of symptoms and preventing relapses with medications to reduce the body's protective (defensive) response called: | immunosuppressants. |
| PARKINSON'S DISEASE | |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive encephalopathy: | usually occurring after age 60, affecting movement. Encephalopathy means disease condition of the brain. |
| Parkinson's disease is caused by deficient secretion of chemical neurotransmitter in the brain called: | dopamine. Secretion means production and discharge (release). |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 1. Hypomimia which means decreased facial expression aka mask-like facial expression. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 2. Involuntary (no control) shaking muscles called tremors (i.e. pill rolling). |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 3. Hypertonia which means muscle rigidity (stiffness) |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 4. Slobbering aka drooling. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 5. Bradykinesia which means slow movement. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 6. Walking with small step called a shuffling gait. |
| A common abbreviation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) is SST which stands for: | slowness (bradykinesia) stiffness (hypertonia). tremors. Tremors are involuntary (no control) shaking muscles. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 7. Monotone speech which means one tone. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 8. The head and shoulders habitually bent forward called a stooped posture. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 9. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) causing choking. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 10. Urinary incontinence which means loss of bladder control aka enuresis. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 11. Constipation which means difficult defecation. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 12. Loss of libido which means sex drive. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 13. ED which stands for erectile dysfunction. |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by: | 14. MDD which stands for major depressive disorder aka clinical depression. |
| ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) | |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degeneration (deterioration, degradation) of neurons (nerve cells) in the: | brain. |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized (described) by: | cognitive dysfunction which means difficulty with memory and/or comprehension (understanding) and/or reasoning (judgement). |
| Cognitive dysfunction that interferes with activities of daily living (ADL) is called: | dementia. |
| Alzheimer's disease is also characterized by: | behavioral (emotional changes). |
| Alzheimer's disease is associated with the build up of a protein in the brain called: | beta amyloid plaque or beta amyloid tangles. |
| Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include: | 1. Difficulty remembering things that just happened. |
| Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include: | 2. Asking the same question or repeating the story over and over. |
| Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include: | 3. Forgetting how to perform activities that were previously done easily such as cooking and cleaning, making repairs, playing cards, paying bills or balancing a checkbook. |
| Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include: | 4. Neglecting to bathe or wearing the same clothes over and over again while insisting (demanding) that they have taken a bath or that their clothes are still clean. |
| Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include: | 5. Getting lost in familiar surroundings. |
| Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include: | 6. Relying on someone else, such as a spouse, to make decisions or answer questions they previously would have handled themselves. |
| Exacerbation( worsening) of Alzheimer's disease after dusk is called: | sundowning. |
| Alzheimer's disease can cause: | 1. MDD which stands for major depressive disorder aka clinical depression. |
| Alzheimer's disease can cause: | 2. Irritability and aggressiveness. |
| Alzheimer's disease can cause: | 3. False beliefs called delusion. |
| Alzheimer's disease is associated with the build up of protein in the brain called: | beta amyloid plaque or beta amyloid tangles. |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) is diagnosed by evaluating (assessing) the ability to remember and when other medical conditions possibly responsible are: | ruled out. (R/O). |
| A person with Alzheimer's disease will eventually require (need) | complete care. |
| The duration (length) of AD can be: | 2-20 years. |
| Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease is associated with: | 1. Being grossly (excessively) overweight called obesity. |
| Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease is associated with: | 2. Chronic HTN which stands for persistent hypertension aka high blood pressure. (HBP). |
| Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease is associated with: | 3. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Alzheimer's disease is usually diagnosed after age 65 and every 5 years afterwards the incidence (occurrence): | doubles. |
| Alzheimer's disease risk can be reduced by: | a. Regular activity of the mind and body. |
| Alzheimer's disease risk can be reduced by: | b. Eating foods that are nutritious (healthy). |
| CEREBRAL PALSY | |
| Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to brain damage occurring (happening) during: | gestation (pregnancy). |
| Causes of cerebral palsy (CP) include: | 1. gestational rubella which means German measles infection during pregnancy. |
| Causes of cerebral palsy (CP) include: | 2. Gestational hypoxia which means deficient oxygen during pregnancy. |
| Causes of cerebral palsy (CP) include: | 3. An Rh incompatibility disease that can occur (happen) if the father is RH+ and the mother is Rh- abbreviated EF which stands for erythroblastosis fetalis (EF) aka HDN which stands for hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
| Cerebral palsy can also be idiopathic which means pertaining to a: | disease of unknown cause. |
| CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA) | |
| A cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is aka a: | "stroke". |
| A cerebral vascular accident (CVA) occurs when: | blood flow to the cerebrum is interrupted (stopped). |
| Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) causes include: | 1. A dissecting (tearing) cerebral artery aneurysm (arterial septal (wall weakness) with ICH which stands for intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke. |
| A cerebral aneurysm can be detected with cerebral angiography which means: | process of recording (X-raying) the cerebral arteries. |
| Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) causes include: | 2. A cerebral artery infarction (occlusion or obstruction) resulting in a starvation of oxygen (O2) aka an ischemic stroke. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 1. Blurred vision and/or diplopia which means double vision. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 2. Ataxia which means no coordination. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 3. Vertigo which means dizziness. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 4. LOC which stands for loss of consciousness. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 5. Facial drooping which means sagging of the face. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 6. Hemiparesis which means partial paralysis (palsy) of one half side of the body. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 7. Hemiplegia which means total paralysis (palsy) of one half side of the body. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: | 8. Dysphasia which means difficulty speaking. |
| FAST is a medical abbreviation to describe: | a. Facial drooping. |
| FAST is a medical abbreviation to describe: | b. Arm weakness (paralysis). |
| FAST is a medical abbreviation to describe: | c. Speech difficulties (dysphasia). |
| FAST is a medical abbreviation to describe: | d. Time (since signs and symptoms began). |
| Diagnosis (DX) of a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is confirmed (proven) with a: | brain CT which stands for computerized tomography. |
| A CVA occurs when blood flow to the cerebrum is: | interrupted (stopped). |
| Risk factors for a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) include an: | 1. Abnormal condition of hardening of the arteries caused by fatty plaque called atherosclerosis. |
| Risk factors for a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) include an: | 2. Chronic HTN which stands for persistent hypertension aka high blood pressure (HBP). |
| Risk factors for a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) include an: | 3. An arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) associated with thrombus (clot) formation abbreviated A-fib which stands for atrial fibrillation. |
| Treatment for a cerebral vascular accident includes: | a. A diet low in harmful lipids called saturated fats. |
| Treatment for a cerebral vascular accident includes: | b. Medications against excessive fat in the blood called antihyperlipidemics. |
| Treatment for a cerebral vascular accident includes: | c. A diet low in Na which stands for sodium. |
| Treatment for a cerebral vascular accident includes: | d. Medications against high blood pressure (HTN) called antihypertensives. |
| Treatment for a cerebral vascular accident includes: | e. Medications against dysrhythmias called antiarrhythmics. |
| Cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) are more common after age: | 55. |
| The risk of a CVA doubles for: | African-Americans. |
| Treatment for a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) resulting from an infarction includes: | medications to break up thrombi (clots) called thrombolytics (clot busters) |
| Thrombolytic (clot buster) therapy is effective for a cerebral artery infarction (occlusion) if administered (given): | within three hours of the onset (beginning) of symptoms. |
| Necrotic (dead) cerebral tissue: | will not regenerate (repair). |
| Rehabilitation (Rehab) for a cerebral vascular accident includes: | teaching non-damaged parts of the cerebrum to perform the duties of the necrotic (dead) cerebral tissue. |
| TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) | |
| A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is aka a: | mini-stroke. |
| A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when: | starvation of oxygenated blood to the brain is temporary. |
| The signs and symptoms of a TIA are the same as a cerebral vascular accident except they are: | temporary. |
| Causes of a transient (temporary) ischemic attack (TIA) include: | 1. Carotid atherosclerosis which means hardening of the carotid arteries caused by fatty plaque. |
| Causes of a transient (temporary) ischemic attack (TIA) include: | 2. Microemboli which are small travelling clots. |
| Treatment of a transient ischemic attack includes: | prophylactic (preventative) medication against thrombus (clot) formation called anticoagulants aka blood thinners. |
| CEREBRAL CONCUSSION | |
| A cerebral concussion (CC) is a: | transient brain disorder resulting from a TBI which stands for traumatic brain injury. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 1. LOC which stands for loss of consciousness. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 2. Cephalgia which means headache (HA). |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 3. Lethargy which means mental sluggishness. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 4. Vertigo which means dizziness. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 5. Disorientation which means confusion. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 6. Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) which means memory loss. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 7. Tinnitus which means ringing (buzzing) in the ears. |
| Signs and symptoms of a cerebral concussion include: | 8. Perseveration which refers to a behavior that repeats. |
| Repeated cerebral concussions (CCs) can result in: | dementia-like symptoms years later called CTE which stands for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. |
| A cerebral concussion (CC) is a transient (temporary) brain disorder resulting from a TBI which stands for: | traumatic brain injury. |
| A history of three or more cerebral concussions is associated with: | adverse (undesirable) effects that can linger (remain) |
| Cerebral concussion (CC) monitoring protocol (protocol) includes q2h which stands for: | every 2 hour neurological vital signs aka neuro checks. |
| Neurological vital signs (neuro checks) include: | 1. Assessment (evaluation) of an ALC which stands for altered level of consciousness. |
| Levels of consciousness (LOC) refer to: | a. The optimal (best) level called alert. |
| Levels of consciousness (LOC) refer to: | b. Mental sluggishness called lethargy (lethargic). |
| Levels of consciousness (LOC) refer to: | d. Unconsciousness (asleep) abbreviated LOC which stands for loss of consciousness. |
| Levels of consciousness (LOC) refer to: | e. Unconsciousness (LOD) without response to stimuli (environmental changes) called coma. |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) (neuro checks) include: | 2. Assessment (evaluation) of orientation (understanding) to the 3 spheres which includes: |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) (neuro checks) include: | a. Person (recognizing people). |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) (neuro checks) include: | b. Place (knowing where you are). |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) (neuro checks) include: | c. Time (knowing the day and month). |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) (neuro checks) include: | 3. Assessment (evaluation) of PERRLA which stands for pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation (ability to focus). |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) (neuro checks) include: | 4. Assessment (evaluation) of gait which refers to a person's coordination when walking. |
| CEREBRAL CONTUSION | |
| Cerebral contusion means: | intracranial hemorrhage resulting from a TBI which stands for traumatic brain injury. |
| Complications associated with a cerebral contusion include: | 1. Increased ICP intracranial pressure. |
| Complications associated with a cerebral contusion include: | 2. Unconsciousness (asleep without response to stimuli (environmental changes) called coma. |
| Complications associated with a cerebral contusion include: | 3. Permanent BD which stands for brain damage. |
| Cerebral (intracranial) hemorrhages include: | 1. A mass (collection) of blood above the dura mater (outer meninx) called an epidural hematoma. |
| Cerebral (intracranial) hemorrhages include: | 2. A mass (collection) of blood below (under) the dura mater (outer meninx) called a subdural hematoma. |
| Cerebral (intracranial) hemorrhages include: | 3. A mass (collection) of blood below (under) the arachnoid mater (middle meninx) called a subarachnoid hematoma. |
| Treatment (Tx) for a cerebral (intracranial) hemorrhage includes: | 1. Drilling a hole in the cranium (skull) to relieve (reduce) increased ICP (intracranial pressure) called a burr hole. |
| Treatment (Tx) for a cerebral (intracranial) hemorrhage includes: | 2. Surgical incision of the skull to evacuate (remove) the hematoma and seal the bleeding vessel(s) called a craniotomy. |
| BRAIN TUMOR (BT) | |
| A primary malignant (metastatic) brain tumor (BT) is called a: | glioma. |
| Primary means the tumor originated (began) in the: | brain. |
| Most brain tumors (BTs): | metastasize (spread) from other sites (locations). |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | 1. Ataxia which means no coordination. |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | 2. Severe cephalgia (headache) especially when bending over. |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | 3. Personality changes and/or difficulty with memory and/or comprehension (understanding) and/or reasoning (judgement) called cognitive dysfunction. |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | 4. Diplopia which means double vision. |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | 5. Dysphasia which means difficulty speaking. |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | 6. Grand mal seizures characterized (described) by tonic-clonic movements aka convulsions. |
| Although benign brain tumors are commonly removed surgically, malignant (metastatic) brain tumors are usually: | inoperable which means unsuitable for surgery. |
| Treatment for a malignant brain tumor includes: | 1. Chemotherapy aka antineoplastic medications. |
| Treatment for a malignant brain tumor includes: | 2. Beams of intense energy called radiation therapy. |
| MIGRAINES | |
| A migraine is a severe chronic (recurring) usually temporal: | cephalgia (headache). |
| A migraine headache (HA) commonly lasts: | from 4 hours to 3 days. |
| A migraine headache is commonly accompanied (partnered) with: | 1. Photophobia which means sensitivity to light. |
| A migraine headache is commonly accompanied (partnered) with: | 2. Hyperacusis which means sensitivity to sound. |
| A migraine headache is commonly accompanied (partnered) with: | 3. N + V which stands for nausea and vomiting. |
| Migraine headaches are commonly: | idiopathic which means disease of unknown cause. |
| Migraine headaches are more common in: | women. |
| Migraine headaches can be: | hereditary aka familial or genetic. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 1. Poorly controlled stress. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 2. Food preservatives such as nitrates and MSG found in hot dogs, luncheon meats and pepperoni. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 3. Barometric pressure variations associated with the weather changes. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 4. Changes in normal sleep patterns. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 5. Skipping meals causing hypoglycemia which means blood condition of deficient sugar. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 6. Consuming or withdrawing from caffeine. |
| Migraine headache (HA) triggers include: | 7. Hormonal fluctuations associated with the cyclic sloughing (shedding) of the endometrium (uterine inner lining) called menstruation (menses). |
| Treatment for migraine headaches (HA) include: | 1. Over the counter (OTC) pain relievers called non-narcotic analgesics. |
| Treatment for migraine headaches (HA) include: | 2. Prescription pain relievers called narcotic analgesics. |
Created by:
bterrelonge
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