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ABNRML CHAP. 1 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Abnrml. Psych. Chap. 1 Flashcards 2021
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What does the term "psychosis" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality. |
What does the term "syndrome" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder. |
What is important to remember where diagnosing symptoms of mental illnesses is concerned? | Symptoms that are present must be persistent (i.e. the duration of symptoms is important). |
How are mental disorders defined, generally speaking? | These are defined in terms of their "harmful dysfunction". |
List the 3 defining characteristics of mental disorders as they are listed in the DSM-IV-TR. | 1.) Current distress that is associated with - ; 2.) Disability, or with - 3.) A significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. |
List the 3 conditions that are excluded from consideration where mental disorders are concerned in the DSM-IV-TR. | 1.) An expectable & culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, 2.) Deviant behavior, 3.) Conflicts that are between the individual & society. |
What does the term "epidemiology" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the scientific study of the frequency & distribution of disorders within a population". |
What does the term "incidence" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time". |
What does the term "prevalence" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the total number of active cases - both old and new - that are present in a population during a specific period of time". |
What does the term "comorbidity" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the presence of more than one condition within the same period of time". |
What is one (1) example of the term "comorbidity". | One (1) example of this is that people who are living with Heart Failure often also experience Dyspnea (shortness of breath). So, Heart Failure is comorbid with Dyspnea. |
What is "psychiatry" concerned with? | This field of professionals is concerned ". . . with the study and treatment of mental disorders". |
What is "clinical psychiatry" concerned with? | This field of professionals is concerned ". . . with the assessment & treatment of mental disorders". |
What are "social workers" concerned with? | This field of professionals is concerned ". . . with helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning". |
Where do professionals who work in the field of Psychosocial Rehabilitation work? | These professionals typically '. . . work in crisis centers, residential, & case management programs for people with severe forms of disorder, such as schizophrenia". |
What did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates hypothesize where the cause of abnormal behavior was concerned? | He hypothesized that abnormal behavior - like all other illnesses & conditions, he theorized - could be attributed to imbalances in 1 of the 4 "humors": phlegm, blood, black bile, or yellow bile. |
What were the four treatments that were often used in ancient historical periods where abnormal behaviors were concerned? | 1. Bloodletting, 2. Purging (inducing vomiting in the patient), 3. Use of applied heat, 4. Use of applied cold compresses. |
When were the 1st "lunatic asylums" built? | These were built in the 1600 and 1700's. |
What factors led to the creation of "lunatic asylums"? | These were created due to the rapid changes in demographics, social conditions, and the economy. EX: These were built in newly formed larger cities due to the shift of responsibility for the mentally ill away from families so they could work. |
What state in the U.S. was home to the first large state mental institution? | Massachusetts (the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum was built there in 1835). |
What did Samuel Woodward - the superintendent of the first large state mental institution - believe were the two (2) main causes of "abnormal" behavior? | 1.) Immoral Behavior; 2.) Physical causes (EX: injuries such as suffering a concussion). |
Why were Samuel Woodward's opinions important where the causes of "abnormal"behavior were concerned? | His opinions were considered "important" because he was the first president of the AMASII - the "Association of Medial Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane". |
What kinds of procedures were performed at the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum for patients who were considered to be suffering from "abnormal" behavior resulting from immoral causes? | These patients were treated through "reeducation" to "foster the development of self control that would allow the person to return to a 'healthy' lifestyle". |
What critique can be made about the continued use of treatments used by Samuel Woodward's staff at the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum being adopted by other psychiatrists? | One critique of this is that Woodward's use of the treatments were not based on specific, scientific observations. They were simply based on general observations - the scientific method was not used to study their efficiency. |
What is the "nature/nurture" debate where Psychology is concerned? | This is a debate as to whether psychological characteristics are in people's DNA (i.e. biological), or if they are learned through experience. |
What does the term "dualism" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to Rene Descartes' idea that the mind and body are separate entities and are yet "intertwined". |
Who is considered the founder of modern experimental psychology? | Wilhelm Wundt. |
What do the "structuralists" believe where psychology is concerned? | This group of theorists believes that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying parts (like the periodic table breaks down chemical elements). |
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins? | She was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. |
What does the term "stream of consciousness" mean/ refer to? | This term is used to describe each person's continuous series of ever - changing thoughts. |
What do the "functionalist" theorists believe where psychology is concerned? | This group of theorists believes that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution and works to preserve human life and pass along genes to future generations. |
What is the basic idea related to "evolutionary theory"? | The basic idea is that species change over time and that some of these changes increase an individual's chances of survival. |
What does the term "research" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a scientific process that involves the careful collection of data". |
What are the steps of the scientific method? | 1. Form a hypothesis; 2. Conduct a review of the literature; 3. Design a study; 4. Conduct the study; 5. Analyze the data; 6. Report the results. |
What does the term "replication" mean? | This involves repeating a study and getting the same (or similar) results. |
What is an "independent variable"? | This variable gets manipulated by the researcher. |
What is a "dependent variable"? | This is the variable that gets measured in a research study. |
What is an "operational definition"? | This is a definition that qualifies (describes) and quantifies (measures) a variable so the variable can be understood objectively. |
What is the "third variable problem"? | This is a problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables. |
What is a "control group"? | The participants in an experiment who receive no intervention or who receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated. |
What is a "confound"? | This is anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study. |
How does "random assignment" work? | Research participants are placed into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable. |
What is "selection bias"? | "In an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups...". It could be caused by non-random assignment to groups. |
What does the term "random sample" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a sample taken from a population. |
What does the term "population" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in". |
What does the term "culturally sensitive research" mean/ refer to? | This type of research "takes into account the significant role that culture plays in how people think, feel, and act". |