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ABNRML CHAP. 1 2021

Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Abnrml. Psych. Chap. 1 Flashcards 2021

QuestionAnswer
What does the term "psychosis" mean/ refer to? This term refers to several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality.
What does the term "syndrome" mean/ refer to? This term refers to "a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder.
What is important to remember where diagnosing symptoms of mental illnesses is concerned? Symptoms that are present must be persistent (i.e. the duration of symptoms is important).
How are mental disorders defined, generally speaking? These are defined in terms of their "harmful dysfunction".
List the 3 defining characteristics of mental disorders as they are listed in the DSM-IV-TR. 1.) Current distress that is associated with - ; 2.) Disability, or with - 3.) A significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.
List the 3 conditions that are excluded from consideration where mental disorders are concerned in the DSM-IV-TR. 1.) An expectable & culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, 2.) Deviant behavior, 3.) Conflicts that are between the individual & society.
What does the term "epidemiology" mean/ refer to? This term refers to "the scientific study of the frequency & distribution of disorders within a population".
What does the term "incidence" mean/ refer to? This term refers to "the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time".
What does the term "prevalence" mean/ refer to? This term refers to "the total number of active cases - both old and new - that are present in a population during a specific period of time".
What does the term "comorbidity" mean/ refer to? This term refers to the presence of more than one condition within the same period of time".
What is one (1) example of the term "comorbidity". One (1) example of this is that people who are living with Heart Failure often also experience Dyspnea (shortness of breath). So, Heart Failure is comorbid with Dyspnea.
What is "psychiatry" concerned with? This field of professionals is concerned ". . . with the study and treatment of mental disorders".
What is "clinical psychiatry" concerned with? This field of professionals is concerned ". . . with the assessment & treatment of mental disorders".
What are "social workers" concerned with? This field of professionals is concerned ". . . with helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning".
Where do professionals who work in the field of Psychosocial Rehabilitation work? These professionals typically '. . . work in crisis centers, residential, & case management programs for people with severe forms of disorder, such as schizophrenia".
What did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates hypothesize where the cause of abnormal behavior was concerned? He hypothesized that abnormal behavior - like all other illnesses & conditions, he theorized - could be attributed to imbalances in 1 of the 4 "humors": phlegm, blood, black bile, or yellow bile.
What were the four treatments that were often used in ancient historical periods where abnormal behaviors were concerned? 1. Bloodletting, 2. Purging (inducing vomiting in the patient), 3. Use of applied heat, 4. Use of applied cold compresses.
When were the 1st "lunatic asylums" built? These were built in the 1600 and 1700's.
What factors led to the creation of "lunatic asylums"? These were created due to the rapid changes in demographics, social conditions, and the economy. EX: These were built in newly formed larger cities due to the shift of responsibility for the mentally ill away from families so they could work.
What state in the U.S. was home to the first large state mental institution? Massachusetts (the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum was built there in 1835).
What did Samuel Woodward - the superintendent of the first large state mental institution - believe were the two (2) main causes of "abnormal" behavior? 1.) Immoral Behavior; 2.) Physical causes (EX: injuries such as suffering a concussion).
Why were Samuel Woodward's opinions important where the causes of "abnormal"behavior were concerned? His opinions were considered "important" because he was the first president of the AMASII - the "Association of Medial Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane".
What kinds of procedures were performed at the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum for patients who were considered to be suffering from "abnormal" behavior resulting from immoral causes? These patients were treated through "reeducation" to "foster the development of self control that would allow the person to return to a 'healthy' lifestyle".
What critique can be made about the continued use of treatments used by Samuel Woodward's staff at the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum being adopted by other psychiatrists? One critique of this is that Woodward's use of the treatments were not based on specific, scientific observations. They were simply based on general observations - the scientific method was not used to study their efficiency.
What is the "nature/nurture" debate where Psychology is concerned? This is a debate as to whether psychological characteristics are in people's DNA (i.e. biological), or if they are learned through experience.
What does the term "dualism" mean/ refer to? This term refers to Rene Descartes' idea that the mind and body are separate entities and are yet "intertwined".
Who is considered the founder of modern experimental psychology? Wilhelm Wundt.
What do the "structuralists" believe where psychology is concerned? This group of theorists believes that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying parts (like the periodic table breaks down chemical elements).
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins? She was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
What does the term "stream of consciousness" mean/ refer to? This term is used to describe each person's continuous series of ever - changing thoughts.
What do the "functionalist" theorists believe where psychology is concerned? This group of theorists believes that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution and works to preserve human life and pass along genes to future generations.
What is the basic idea related to "evolutionary theory"? The basic idea is that species change over time and that some of these changes increase an individual's chances of survival.
What does the term "research" mean/ refer to? This term refers to "a scientific process that involves the careful collection of data".
What are the steps of the scientific method? 1. Form a hypothesis; 2. Conduct a review of the literature; 3. Design a study; 4. Conduct the study; 5. Analyze the data; 6. Report the results.
What does the term "replication" mean? This involves repeating a study and getting the same (or similar) results.
What is an "independent variable"? This variable gets manipulated by the researcher.
What is a "dependent variable"? This is the variable that gets measured in a research study.
What is an "operational definition"? This is a definition that qualifies (describes) and quantifies (measures) a variable so the variable can be understood objectively.
What is the "third variable problem"? This is a problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables.
What is a "control group"? The participants in an experiment who receive no intervention or who receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated.
What is a "confound"? This is anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study.
How does "random assignment" work? Research participants are placed into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable.
What is "selection bias"? "In an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups...". It could be caused by non-random assignment to groups.
What does the term "random sample" mean/ refer to? This term refers to a sample taken from a population.
What does the term "population" mean/ refer to? This term refers to "everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in".
What does the term "culturally sensitive research" mean/ refer to? This type of research "takes into account the significant role that culture plays in how people think, feel, and act".
Created by: sticklerpjpII
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