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ABNRML CH 2 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Abnrml. Psych. Chap. 2 Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "paradigm" mean/ refer to? | This refers to "a set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the a theory". |
| What, according to Sigmund Freud, are "defense mechanisms"? | These are "unconscious self-deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety - producing memories, emotions, and impulses". |
| What is one (1) example of a "defense mechanism"? | One example of this would be "denial". In this situation, you completely block a painful experience from your memory. In other words, you tell yourself that it never happened. |
| What does the term "Classical Conditioning" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "learning though association". |
| What are the four (4) key components of "Classical Conditioning"? | 1.) The "unconditioned stimulus"; 2.) The "unconditioned response"; 3.) The "conditioned stimulus"; and the 4.) "conditioned response". |
| Briefly explain how Ivan Pavlov used "Classical Conditioning" to train canines to salivate when they heard the sound of a bell. | He first rang a bell, showed the canines a bowl of food, then gave them the food. He continued to do this until he rang the bell and the canines salivated when he rang the bell but did not show them the bowl of food. |
| What does the term "extinction" mean/ refer to where "Classical Conditioning" is concerned? | This term refers to "a gradually occurring phenomenon whereby the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response". |
| Use Ivan Pavlov's "Classical Conditioning" experiment to explain how "extinction" would work. | In this case, "extinction" would be present if Pavlov had seen the canines salivate when he rang the bell but did not show the food bowl - but later noticed that they stopped salivating when he rang the bell. |
| Give an example of "negative reinforcement". | One (1) example of this would be if you use an umbrella to "remove" the rain (i.e. you do not get wet). This will increase your use of umbrellas. |
| Give an example of "positive reinforcement". | One (1) example of this would be if you give a child a piece of candy as a reward for a positive behavior and they continue to do that behavior (for example, cleaning their room). |
| Give an example of "positive punishment". | One (1) example of this would be if your parents yell at you for spending too much money and you stop spending so much money because they yelled at you. |
| Given an example of "negative punishment". | One (1) example of this would be if you don't bring the car back by curfew and your parents take away your car privilege for a specific amount of time. Their "removal" of your car privilege is a "negative punishment". |
| What does the "Humanistic Paradigm" of human behavior state? | This model states that "human behavior is the product of free will, the view that we control, choose, and are responsible for our actions". |
| What does the word "determinism" mean/ refer to? | This word refers to "the scientific assumption that human behavior is caused by potentially knowable factors". |
| What does "Reductionism" focus on where abnormal behavior is concerned? | This model focuses on the smallest possible unit of a problem as its cause. |
| What does the "Diathesis - Stress" model state where abnormal psychology is concerned? | This model states that mental disorders develop only when a stress is added on top of a predisposition. |
| What does the term "premorbid history" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder". |
| What does the term "prognosis" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a predictable course" that a disease or disorder typically follows. |
| Briefly explain how information is transmitted in the nervous system. | Information is transmitted as changes in electrical potential that move from the "dendrites" and cell body, along the "axon", toward the "axon terminal". A "synapse" separates - a small fluid-filled gap - separates one neuron from another. |
| What is the function of "neurotransmitters"? | These are chemicals that are released into the "synapse" between neurons. They are released from "vesicles" and are absorbed by "receptors" on the "dendrites" or "soma" of the next neuron in the chain. |
| What does the word "soma" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the "cell body". |
| Which two (2) "neurotransmitters" are particularly known for having links to abnormal behavior? | Serotonin and dopamine are particularly known for this. |
| What is the function of the "midbrain"? | The function of this part of the brain is to "control some motor activities". |
| What is the function of the "forebrain"? | The function of this part of the brain is "most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes". |
| What is the function of the "hindbrain"? | The function of this part of the brain is to regulate basic bodily functions. |
| What types of activities does the "left brain" control? | This part of the brain controls language and related functions. |
| What types of activities does the "right brain" control? | This part of the brain controls spatial organization and analysis. |
| What does the "limbic system" do where human anatomy is concerned? | This system regulates emotion and basic learning processes. |
| What does the "hypothalamus" control where human anatomy is concerned? | This controls basic biological urges. |
| What is the function of the "cerebral cortex"? | The function of this part of the brain is to integrate sophisticated memory, sensory, and motor functions. |
| List two (2) things that the "front lobe" of the brain is responsible for. | 1.) Controlling reasoning, 2.) Controlling emotion. |
| What is the "parietal lobe" of the brain responsible for? | This part of the brain is responsible for integrating sensory information and controlling spatial reasoning. |
| What is the "temporal lobe" largely responsible for? | This part of the brain is largely responsible for processing sound and smell, regulating emotions, and some aspects of learning, language, and memory. |
| What is the "occipital lobe" largely responsible for? | This part of the brain is largely responsible for receiving and interpreting visual information. |
| What does the term "psychophysiology" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the study of changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences". |
| What is one (1) thing that the "endocrine system" does where human anatomy is concerned? | This system regulates physical growth. |
| What does the "autonomic nervous system" do where human anatomy is concerned? | This system regulates functions of various body organs such as the heart & stomach. |
| Which part of the nervous system is responsible for "psychophysiological reactions"? | The "autonomic nervous system" is responsible for this. |
| How many pairs of "chromosomes" do humans normally have? | Humans usually have 23 pairs of these. |
| What does the study of "Behavioral Genetics" involve? | This involves genetic influences on the evolution and development of normal and abnormal behavior. |
| What does the term "genotype" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "an individual's actual genetic structure". |
| What does the term "phenotype" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the expression of a given genotype". |
| Which is influenced by the environment: genotypes or phenotypes? | Phenotypes are influenced by the environment. |
| When does "dominant/ recessive inheritance" occur? | This occurs when a trait is caused by a single - or autosomal - gene that only has two (2) "alleles". |
| What does the term "allele" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome". |
| What are "polygenic traits"? | These are "traits that are controlled by multiple non-allelic genes". |
| What are "index cases"? | These are "the first identified case in a group of related cases of a particular communicable or heritable disease". |
| What are "probands"? | These are "people serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family (used especially in medicine and psychiatry)". |
| What does the term "monozygotic (MZ) twins" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to identical twins. This occurs when one (1) egg cell is fertilized by one (1) sperm cell. |
| What does the term "dizygotic (DZ) twins" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to fraternal twins. This occurs when twins are produced from two (2) egg cells and two (2) sperms cells. |
| What does the term "shared environment" mean/ refer to where twin studies are concerned? | This term refers to "the experiences that twins share in common". |
| What does the term "non-shared environment" mean/ refer to where twin studies are concerned? | This term refers to "experiences that are unique to one two". |
| How can twin studies help researchers examine the "nature/ nurture" question? | These can help by allowing researchers to compare the twins' biological versus their adoptive relatives to help them better determine causation where behaviors and diseases/ disorders are concerned. |
| What is the difference between "predispositions" and predestinations" where genetic research is concerned? | "Predestinations" are inevitabilities (i.e. diseases, disorders, and behaviors that are genetically predetermined) and "predispositions" are simply increased risks for a disease, disorder, or behavior. |
| What does the term "gene-environment correlation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the fact that our experience is correlated with our genetic make-up". |
| What do "Evolutionary Psychologists" study? | These scientists study "the application of the principles of evolution to understanding the animal and human mind". |
| What does "Attachment Theory" state? | This "states that a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development." |
| What is considered the "father" of "Attachment Theory"? | The person who developed this theory was John Bowlby (1907 - 1990). |
| What does the term "dominance" mean where "Attachment Theory" is concerned? | This term refers to "the hierarchical order of a social group into more and less privileged members". |
| What does the term "temperament" mean where "Attachment Theory" is concerned? | This term refers to "characteristic styles of relating to the world". |
| What are the "5 dimensions of temperament"? | 1.) Openness for experience; 2.) Conscientiousness; 3.) Extraversion; 4.) Agreeableness; 5.) Neuroticism. |
| What does the term "neuroticism" mean/ refer to? | This term means "a long-term tendency to be in a negative or anxious emotional state". |
| What does the term "emotions" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "internal feeling states that are essential to human experience and to our understanding of mental disorders". |
| What does the term "modeling" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "learning through imitation". |
| What are "attributions"? | These are "perceived causes". |
| Give one (1) example of an "attribution". | One (1) example of this is if your significant other gets angry at you for ditching them at a party you are likely to blame the behavior on some reasonable cause. |
| What does the term "identity" mean/ refer to where learning and cognition are concerned? | This term means "an integrated sense of self". |
| Who devised the idea of individual "identities" where learning and cognition are concerned? | Erik Erikson developed this idea. |
| What does the term "self - control" mean/ refer to where learning and cognition are concerned? | This terms means "internal rules for guiding appropriate behavior". |
| What are "developmental stages"? | These are "periods of time marked by age and/ or social tasks during which children and adults face common social and emotional challenges". |
| What do twin studies involving "monozygotic twins" (i.e. identical twins) suggest where connections between psychological problems and marriage is concerned? | These studies suggest that divorce does cause some psychological problems both in children and adults. |
| What does research show where the effect of outside relationships (i.e. relationships outside of the family) on children is concerned? | These studies show that a good relationship with someone outside of the family results in better mental health. |
| What does the term "gender roles" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "expectations regarding the appropriate behavior of males and females" in a society. |
| What does the term "androgyny" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the possession of both 'female' and 'male' gender - role characteristics". |
| What does research suggest where "gender roles" are concerned? | Research suggests that these may influence the development, expression, or consequences of psychopathology. |
| What does research suggest where "social support" is concerned? | This research suggests that support from people other than family members can be an important buffer against stress. |
| What is one (1) link that has been found between stressors and and social condition(s)? | One (1) link that has been found between these is that there is a link between stressors and poverty (including "gruesome" traumas). |
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