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Phamacology QA
Introduction to pharmacology QA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 types of drug names? | Chemical, generic, trade and official |
| What is the chemical name of a drug? | The exact description is made up of the molecular composition |
| What is the generic name of a drug? | The known name of the drug which is usually the most common form |
| What is the trade name of a drug? | • Trademark name designated by drug company • Proper nouns, first letter capitalised • e.g. MS Contin |
| What is the official name of a drug? | Followed by the FDA and DPI denotes drug listing in the official listing. In most cases it is the same as the generic name |
| How are enteral routes administered and where do they can absorbed? | They are administered orally/ rectally. This route is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract |
| What route is the most reliable and economical? | Enteral |
| Why is PO so effective? | R-ich blood supply L-ittle absorption in the mouth |
| Where are SU drugs administered? | Under the tongue |
| What are 2 examples of SU drugs? | Ondansetron, GTN |
| Where are Buccel drugs administered and what is an example? | Between cheek and gum E.g Glucose Gel |
| What affects the time that the drug remains in the stomach with the Gastric absorption method? | Environment pH and gastric motility (contraction of the muscles) |
| Why are some Gastric absorption drugs effective on an empty stomach with plenty of water? | Rapid passage into small intestine |
| Why do some drugs get absorbed from the small intestine | R-ich blood supply, larger absorption area. The intestinal fluid is A-lkaline which increases the rate of basic drugs |
| What are the benefits of rectal absorption? | SA not large and vascular |
| What is the SC route? | Subcutaneous- Given beneath skin into connective tissue or fat, immediately beneath dermis |
| What is the IM route? How long does it take to sustain the benefits of the drug? | Intramuscular |
| What are drug examples of the IM route? | Adrenaline, Glucagon, Prochlorperazine |
| What is the ID route? What is it mostly administered for? | Intradermal - Injection below epidermis - Primarily for allergy testing and to administer local anesthetics |
| What is the IV route? | •Intravenous (IV) pharmacological effect – Most drugs administered slowly, helps prevent adverse reactions |
| What is the IO route? | Intraosseous (IO) route |
| How is the IO route administered? | Injection directly into bone marrow cavity through established intraosseous infusion system |
| Once the IO route is injected into the bone marrow, what happens? | Circulates via medullary cavity of bone |
| What is the (ET) route? Where does the drug get absorbed and when would you use it? | • Endotracheal (ET)– Allows drug delivery into alveoli and systemic absorption via lung capillaries |
| What is the Pulmonary route? | The pulmonary route is administered by inhalation in gas form or fine mist (aerosol) for example, bronchodilators |
| Why is the pulmonary route effective? | - It can absorb other medications if necessary - It has a larger surface area, rich alveoli capillary network and rapid drug absorption |
| What are Bronchodilators? What is an example? | - Steroids given by inhalation devices such as nebulisers that propel drug into alveolar sacs and produce mainly local effects • e.g. salbutamol, methoxyflurane |
| What is the topical route skin? | Only lipid-soluble compounds • Skin acts as barrier to most water-soluble compounds • Use intact skin surfaces for administration sites to prevent adverse systemic effects |
| What is the topical route Nasal (IN) and why is it effective? | Nasal mucosa is highly vascular which allows for rapid absorption into bloodstream and cerebro spinal fluid |
| What do IN route drugs manage and what is an example? | C- cophenylcaine H- hypoglycaemia O- opiate overdose P- pain S- seizures |
| What Parenteral route reduces the risk of needle-stick injury? | Topical Nasal (IN) |
| What are some vaccines that are administered by IN? | • Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) |
| What factors can affect a drug's actions? (8) | Age, Gender, Body Mass, Environment, Time of Administration, Pathological state, Generic Factors, Psychological Factors |
| How can gender affect drug actions? | – Size differences – Fat proportion |
| How can Body Mass affect drug actions? | – Larger the patient, the lower the concentration for any given drug dose |
| How are drug doses determined in children? | By body mass |
| How does the environment affect drug actions? | Mood, temperature, altitude |
| How does Time of Administration affect drug actions? | Food in gastrointestinal tract, Circadian rhythms |
| How does the pathological state affect drug actions? | Depends on the severity and/or injury/illness |
| How do Psychological Factors affect drug actions? | H- hostility R- reassurance P- placebo effect |
| Before administering medication, what do we look out for? | Temperature, light, moisture, shelf life can affect drug potency, effectiveness |
| What is professional practice of patient management? | E- evaluate patients history U- understand the drug profile |
| What is pharmacokinetics? | Onset/ duration |
| What is category A, B, C, D, X of the FDA drug scale for pregnant patients? | – Category A • No risk in first trimester • Foetal harm remote – Category B • No risk in animal studies, no controlled studies in humans • Adverse effect in controlled studies in first trimester, no risk in later trimesters |
| What medication from the first year list is contraindicated during pregnancy? | CoPhenylcaine |
| What is ADME ? | A: Absorption D: Distribution M: Metabolism E: Excretion |
| Is aspiring better after chewing or swallowing tablet? | Chewing due to rapid absorption |
Created by:
maddunn23
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