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What is a microorganism? What are the types?
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What is Pathogenicity?
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RAD271-Patient Care
Infection Control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a microorganism? What are the types? | Bacteria (single cell, simple internal organization); Virus (intracellular parasite - cannot live outside host); Fungi (dimorphic - grow in 2 diff forms); Parasites (protozoa - larger than bacteria but no cell wall, motile) |
| What is Pathogenicity? | ability of microorganism to produce disease; how does microorganism make patient or tech sick? |
| What is virulence? | degree of pathogenicity of infectious microorganism; how sick can the microorganism make patient or tech? |
| What is infection? | invasion and multiplication of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) |
| What is colonization? | multiplication of organism |
| What is flora? | microorganisms of human body (normal-naturally occurring on our body/resident-microorganisms that live on us that don't make us sick (carrier)/transient-transfer of natural or resident bacteria to another human); |
| What is endogenous flora? | *overgrowth of normal flora (makes us sick b/c out of balance) *can result from treatment w/broad spectrum antimicrobial drug that alters normal flora |
| Describe Transient flora. | *acquired by contact with an object on which they are present (tube/table/pillow/etc) |
| Describe the establishment of disease. | 6 steps for microorganism to demonstrate disease: a) Encounter b) Entry c) Spread (must overcome host immune system) d) Multiplication (incubation) e) Damage (now making patient sick) f) Outcome (1 - fight it off/2 - established/3 - compromise) |
| Describe the Chain of Infection. | 4 essential links 1 - HOST 2 - INFECTIOUS ORGANISM 3 - MODE OF TRANSMISSION (exogenous or endogenous) 4 - RESERVOIR (site where organism lives/transmits disease) |
| What are bloodboarne pathogens? | disease causing microorganisms in human blood MOST COMMON - HBV and HIV other examples... Hep C, Hep D, Syphilis |
| Describe HBV. | Hepatitis B virus *highly contagious *attacks liver *swelling, soreness/loss of normal liver function *signs and symptoms: ***weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdo pain, fever, headache **jaundice **asymptomatic *long term effects w/o vaccine |
| Describe HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus *affects immune system *causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome *Signs/Symptoms **Weight loss **Fatigue **gland pain/swell **muscle/joint pain **night sweats *can take up to 1yr to show positive for HIV antibodies |
| Describe other hospital diseases. | Hep C - blood/body fluids Hep A - fecal/oral route MRSA/VRSA - commonly found on humans (no risk if healthy) VRE - enterococci bacteria in feces (most common UTI) TB - airborne Rubella - (not measles) German Measles |
| Describe types of infections | Nosocomial - (HAI) acquired in course of medical care (UTI - keep urine bag below bladder); Iatrogenic - results from particular treatment/procedure (physician); Community acquired - person brings infection into hospital |
| Describe the cycle of infection - specifically list the 6 aspects. | a) pathogen b) reservoir c) portal of exit d) mode of transmission 1. direct 2. indirect |
| What is the difference between MEDICAL and SURGICAL ASEPSIS? | MEDICAL - reduces #, growth/spread by soap, water, friction and chemical disinfectants SURGICAL - elimination of all microorganisms/spores by heat/chemical means |
| What does ASEPSIS mean? | without infection; freedom of infection |
| Describe MEDICAL ASEPSIS. | reduces #/growth/spread by soap/water/friction and chemical disinfectants; CLEAN tech/DIRTY tech-one tech responsible for equipment (CLEAN) /other for patient(DIRTY=germs) and anything that comes in contact with patient **USED AT ALL TIMES (wash hands) |
| Describe SURGICAL ASEPSIS. | Eliminates all microorganisms/spores by heat/chemical means STERILE technique/fields RULES - specific rules to follow to create STERILE |
| Describe purpose of STANDARD PRECAUTIONS | Universal Precautions used to prevent spread of bloodborne pathogens(blood/body fluids) APPLIES TO ALL PATIENTS AT ALL TIMES! Wash hands, use PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, cover mouth sneeze/cough away from patient ANY CONTACT POSES A RISK ! |
| What are the most common bloodborne pathogens? | HIV Hep B |
| What are specifics of STANDARD PRECAUTIONS. | -Hand washing -GLOVES -PPE - mask, eye protection, face shield, gown -Patient care/equipment - CLEAN/DIRTY tech techniques -Linen -Patient placement |
| What are the ways infection can be transmitted? HINT: there are 5 | AIRBORNE DROPLET CONTACT VECTOR VEHICLE |
| Describe AIRBORNE precautions | Evaporated droplets in air for long time - small droplets, evaporated in air; DROPLET NUCLEI - negative pressure room, require respiratory mask N95; limited pt transport; EX : TB (N95 mask=respirator mask) - and Measles (surgical =isolation mask) |
| Describe DROPLET precautions | Travels 3-5 feet (infectious secretions); larger droplets, pts 3' apart with same disease; pts must wear respiratory mask limited pt transport; EX: influenza, pneumonia, rubella, mumps, ebola |
| Describe CONTACT precautions | direct - touching, kiss AND indirect - contaminated object; GLOVES/handwashing required; GOWNs required; CLEAN tech/DIRTY tech; EX: Hep A, Cellulitis, condition of NEUTROPENIA -low neutrophils (REVERSE ISOLATION) |
| Describe VECTOR precautions | Insect or animal carrier (can travel by itself); EX: lyme, malaria |
| Describe VEHICLE precautions | Food, water, drug, blood, equipment (needs something else to transport it); EX: Giardia, E. Coli |
| Describe EQUIPMENT DISINFECTION | Disposable versus reusable items disinfection/sterilization sterilants and disinfectants |
| What are the levels of decontamination? | cleaning-removal foreign material disinfection-reduction of microorganisms; sterilization - elimination of ALL microorganisms and spores |
Created by:
Larobbins
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