Infection Control
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| What is a microorganism? What are the types? | Bacteria (single cell, simple internal organization);
Virus (intracellular parasite - cannot live outside host);
Fungi (dimorphic - grow in 2 diff forms);
Parasites (protozoa - larger than bacteria but no cell wall, motile)
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| What is Pathogenicity? | ability of microorganism to produce disease; how does microorganism make patient or tech sick?
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| What is virulence? | degree of pathogenicity of infectious microorganism; how sick can the microorganism make patient or tech?
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| What is infection? | invasion and multiplication of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites)
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| What is colonization? | multiplication of organism
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| What is flora? | microorganisms of human body (normal-naturally occurring on our body/resident-microorganisms that live on us that don't make us sick (carrier)/transient-transfer of natural or resident bacteria to another human);
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| What is endogenous flora? | *overgrowth of normal flora (makes us sick b/c out of balance)
*can result from treatment w/broad spectrum antimicrobial drug that alters normal flora
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| Describe Transient flora. | *acquired by contact with an object on which they are present (tube/table/pillow/etc)
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| Describe the establishment of disease. | 6 steps for microorganism to demonstrate disease:
a) Encounter
b) Entry
c) Spread (must overcome host immune system)
d) Multiplication (incubation)
e) Damage (now making patient sick)
f) Outcome (1 - fight it off/2 - established/3 - compromise)
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| Describe the Chain of Infection. | 4 essential links
1 - HOST
2 - INFECTIOUS ORGANISM
3 - MODE OF TRANSMISSION (exogenous or endogenous)
4 - RESERVOIR (site where organism lives/transmits disease)
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| What are bloodboarne pathogens? | disease causing microorganisms in human blood
MOST COMMON -
HBV and HIV
other examples...
Hep C,
Hep D,
Syphilis
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| Describe HBV. | Hepatitis B virus
*highly contagious
*attacks liver
*swelling, soreness/loss of normal liver function
*signs and symptoms:
***weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdo pain, fever, headache
**jaundice
**asymptomatic
*long term effects w/o vaccine
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| Describe HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus
*affects immune system
*causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
*Signs/Symptoms
**Weight loss
**Fatigue
**gland pain/swell
**muscle/joint pain
**night sweats
*can take up to 1yr to show positive for HIV antibodies
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| Describe other hospital diseases. | Hep C - blood/body fluids
Hep A - fecal/oral route
MRSA/VRSA - commonly found on humans (no risk if healthy)
VRE - enterococci bacteria in feces (most common UTI)
TB - airborne
Rubella - (not measles) German Measles
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| Describe types of infections | Nosocomial - (HAI) acquired in course of medical care (UTI - keep urine bag below bladder);
Iatrogenic - results from particular treatment/procedure (physician);
Community acquired - person brings infection into hospital
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| Describe the cycle of infection - specifically list the 6 aspects. | a) pathogen
b) reservoir
c) portal of exit
d) mode of transmission
1. direct
2. indirect
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| What is the difference between MEDICAL and SURGICAL ASEPSIS? | MEDICAL - reduces #, growth/spread by soap, water, friction and chemical disinfectants
SURGICAL - elimination of all microorganisms/spores by heat/chemical means
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| What does ASEPSIS mean? | without infection; freedom of infection
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| Describe MEDICAL ASEPSIS. | reduces #/growth/spread by soap/water/friction and chemical disinfectants;
CLEAN tech/DIRTY tech-one tech responsible for equipment (CLEAN) /other for patient(DIRTY=germs) and anything that comes in contact with patient
**USED AT ALL TIMES (wash hands)
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| Describe SURGICAL ASEPSIS. | Eliminates all microorganisms/spores by heat/chemical means
STERILE technique/fields
RULES - specific rules to follow to create STERILE
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| Describe purpose of STANDARD PRECAUTIONS | Universal Precautions
used to prevent spread of bloodborne pathogens(blood/body fluids)
APPLIES TO ALL PATIENTS AT ALL TIMES!
Wash hands, use PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, cover mouth sneeze/cough away from patient
ANY CONTACT POSES A RISK !
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| What are the most common bloodborne pathogens? | HIV
Hep B
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| What are specifics of STANDARD PRECAUTIONS. | -Hand washing
-GLOVES
-PPE - mask, eye protection, face shield, gown
-Patient care/equipment - CLEAN/DIRTY tech techniques
-Linen
-Patient placement
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| What are the ways infection can be transmitted? HINT: there are 5 | AIRBORNE
DROPLET
CONTACT
VECTOR
VEHICLE
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| Describe AIRBORNE precautions | Evaporated droplets in air for long time - small droplets, evaporated in air;
DROPLET NUCLEI - negative pressure room, require respiratory mask N95; limited pt transport; EX : TB (N95 mask=respirator mask) - and Measles (surgical =isolation mask)
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| Describe DROPLET precautions | Travels 3-5 feet (infectious secretions); larger droplets, pts 3' apart with same disease;
pts must wear respiratory mask
limited pt transport;
EX: influenza, pneumonia, rubella, mumps, ebola
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| Describe CONTACT precautions | direct - touching, kiss AND indirect - contaminated object;
GLOVES/handwashing required;
GOWNs required;
CLEAN tech/DIRTY tech;
EX: Hep A, Cellulitis, condition of NEUTROPENIA -low neutrophils (REVERSE ISOLATION)
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| Describe VECTOR precautions | Insect or animal carrier (can travel by itself);
EX: lyme, malaria
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| Describe VEHICLE precautions | Food, water, drug, blood, equipment (needs something else to transport it);
EX: Giardia, E. Coli
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| Describe EQUIPMENT DISINFECTION | Disposable versus reusable items
disinfection/sterilization
sterilants and disinfectants
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| What are the levels of decontamination? | cleaning-removal foreign material
disinfection-reduction of microorganisms;
sterilization - elimination of ALL microorganisms and spores
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