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CH 13 Sigelman &Ridr

Life-Span Human Development, 9th edition: Social Cog & Moral Dev

TermDefinition
social cognition Thinking about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior of the self and other people.
false belief task A research paradigm used to assess an important aspect of a theory of mind, mainly the understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs and be influenced by them.
theory of mind The understanding that people have mental states (feelings, desires, beliefs, intentions) and that these states underlie and help explain their behavior.
desire psychology The earliest theory of mind: An understanding that desires guide behavior (for example, that people seek things they like and avoid things they hate). Contrast with belief–desire psychology.
belief–desire psychology The theory of mind reflecting an understanding that people’s desires and beliefs guide their behavior and that their beliefs are not always an accurate reflection of reality; evident by age 4. Contrast with desire psychology.
mirror neurons Neural cells in several brain areas that are activated not only when we perform an action but also when we observe someone else performing it. Implicated in imitation, theory of mind skills, empathy, and language.
mind-mindedness The tendency to think and talk in elaborated ways about mental states; parents’ mind-mindedness contributes to the development of children’s theory-of-mind and other social cognitive skills.
perspective-taking skills The ability to assume other people’s perspectives and understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; roletaking skills.
morality The ability to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this distinction, and to experience pride when doing something right and to experience guilt or shame when doing something wrong. Morality has emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components.
empathy The vicarious experiencing of another person’s feelings.
prosocial behavior Positive actions toward other people such as helping and cooperating.
antisocial behavior Behavior that violates social norms, rules, or laws and harms others or society (for example, lying, stealing, behaving aggressively).
moral reasoning The cognitive component of morality; the thinking that occurs when people decide whether acts are right or wrong.
preconventional morality Kohlberg’s term for the first two stages of moral reasoning, in which society’s rules are not yet internalized and judgments are based on the punishing or rewarding consequences of an act.
conventional morality Kohlberg’s term for the third and fourth stages of moral reasoning in which societal values are internalized and judgments are based on a desire to gain approval or uphold law and social order.
reciprocity The mutual give and take by both parties in a human relationship that forms an important basis for morality.
postconventional morality Kohlberg’s term for the fifth and sixth stages of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are based on a more abstract understanding of democratic social contracts or on universal principles of justice that have validity apart from the views of particular authority figures.
moral disengagement According to Bandura, the ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying, minimizing, or blaming others for one’s actions.
amoral Lacking any sense of morality; without standards of right and wrong.
self-control The ability to control or regulate one’s desires, impulses, and behavior.
mutually responsive orientation A close, affectively positive, and cooperative relationship in which child and parent are attached to each other and are sensitive to each other’s needs; a contributor to moral development.
delay of gratification The willingness to give up a reward now for a more desirable reward later; related to self-control.
moral rules Standards of conduct that focus on the basic rights and privileges of individuals. Contrast with social-conventional rules.
social–conventional rules Standards of conduct determined by social consensus that indicate what is appropriate within a particular social setting. Contrast with moral rules.
love withdrawal A form of discipline that involves withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves.
power assertion A form of discipline that involves the use of superior power to administer spankings, withhold privileges, and so on.
induction A form of discipline that involves explaining why a child’s behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing its effects on other people.
proactive parenting strategies Parenting tactics that prevent misbehavior and therefore reduce the need for discipline (for example, teaching values, removing temptations).
moral identity Viewing being caring, fair, honest, and otherwise moral as a central aspect of who you are.
juvenile delinquency Lawbreaking by a minor.
conduct disorder A persistent pattern of behavior in which a child or adolescent violates the rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms, as through fighting, bullying, and cruelty.
hostile attribution bias The tendency of aggressive individuals to attribute hostile intentions to others, assuming that any harm to them was deliberate rather than accidental.
coercive family environment A home in which family members are locked in power struggles, each trying to control the other through aggressive tactics such as threatening, yelling, and hitting.
bullying Repeatedly inflicting harm through words or actions on weaker peers who cannot or do not defend themselves.
positive youth development (PYD) An approach that emphasizes developing the strengths of youth rather than reducing their problem behaviors.
dual-process model of morality The view that both deliberate thought and more automatic emotion-based intuitions can inform decisions about moral issues and motivate behavior.
religiousness Sharing the beliefs and participating in the practices of an organized religion. Contrast with spirituality.
spirituality A search for ultimate meaning in life that may or may not be carried out in the context of religion. Contrast with religiousness.
Created by: PRO Teacher eduktd
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