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Unit 3 Study Guide
Anatomy and Physilogy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the central portion of a long bone is the _______while the ends are_________ | diaphysis; epiphysis |
| red marrow produces____________ and is located in the ______________ | all blood cells; spongy bone |
| mature bone cells are called_____________and are located in______________ | osteocytes; lacunae |
| cells that make bone martix are: | osteoblasts |
| the concentric circle pattern found in compact bone is: | lamelle |
| cells that break down bone matrix are: | osteoclasts |
| osteoclasts and osteoblasts are located in the__________ and____________ | endosteum; periosteum |
| spongy bone is made up of plates of bone called: | trabeculae |
| the formation of flat bones from membranes in the skull is: | intramembranous ossification |
| the formation of long bones from cartilage is: | endochondral ossification |
| the proximal and distal ends of long bones are covered by_______________. the remainder of the bone, including the diaphysis, is covered by___________ | reticular cartilage; periosteum |
| the basic structural unit of compact bone is the: | osteon |
| bone growth in length takes place at the: | epiphysial plate |
| bone growth in length is ________________ and width is_______________ | interstitial growth; appositional growth |
| use these choices: central canals, perforating canals, canaliculi, and lacunae. which of these carries blood? | central and perforating canals |
| use these choices: central canals, perforating canals, canaliculi, and lacunae. which of these carries tissue fluid? | canaliculi and lacunae |
| use these choices: central canals, perforating canals, canaliculi, and lacunae. which contains osteocytes? | lacunae |
| use these choices: central canals, perforating canals, canaliculi, and lacunae. which begins at the periosteum? | perforating canals |
| use these choices: central canals, perforating canals, canaliculi, and lacunae. which carries blood closest to the osteocytes? | cantral canals |
| the medullary cavity is located in the ____________ and is filled with_______________ | diaphysis; yellowmarrow |
| which minerals are stored in bone? | calcium and phosphate |
| appesrsnce of the epiphyseal line on an x-ray means that: | bone has stopped growing |
| bone will continue to grow if the ______________ is still present | epiphyseal plate |
| what structure fastens the periosteum to the bone? | perforating fibers |
| the most common fiber found in organic matrix of bones is: | colagen fibers |
| describe a comminuted fracture: | pieces of bone in break |
| describe a greenstick fracture: | partial break |
| describe a impacted fracture: | one bone is driven into another |
| describe a spiral fracture: | involves twisting of the bone |
| describe how bone fractures heal: | 1. hematoma 2. fibrocatilaginous callus 3. bony callus 4. remodeling |
| shaking your head "no" requires the use of a _________ joint | pivot |
| the elbow is an example of a _________joint | hinge |
| the trapezium and metacarpal 1 form a _________joint | saddle |
| intervertebral disks and vertebrae form this type of joint: | cartilaginous or amphiarthtosis |
| the epiphyseal plate forms this type of joint with the epiphysis: | cartilaginous or synarthrosis |
| sutures in an adult skull form this type of joint: | fibrous or synarthrosis |
| these joints are found at the knuckles: | chondoloid |
| freely moveable joints are: | synovial |
| structures that reduce friction are___________and_____________ | bursa; tendon sheaths |
| describe synarthrosis: | doesn't move |
| describe synostosis: | completely ossified |
| describe amphiarthrosis: | slightly moveable |
| describe fibrous: | has fibrous CT |
| describe cartilaginous: | has cartilage |
| describe diarthrosis: | and freely moveable joint |
| describe synovial: | freely moveable; has synovial membrane |
| describe sutures: | found in the skull; synostosis; fibrous joint |
| describe syndesmosis: | bone bound by a ligament |
| describe symphysis: | cartilage between two bones; moves slightly |
| describe plane: | allows gliding movement |
| describe hinge: | opens and closes like a door |
| describe pivot: | allows rotation |
| describe condyloid: | rounded bone in a cup-like depression |
| describe saddle: | allows opposition |
| describe ball & socket: | most freely moveable of all the joints |
| which muscle is voluntary, has striationas and peripheral nuclei? | skeletal muscle |
| which muscle is involuntary, lacks striations, and is found in internal organs? | smooth muscle |
| which muscle is involuntary, has striations and intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle |
| name four muscle functions: | movement, posture, stabilizes joints, generates heat |
| identify sarcolemma: | plasma membrane of muscle |
| identify sarcomere: | basic contractile unit in muscle |
| describe where troponin is found and what its role in contraction is: | thin filament; binds Ca2+ |
| describe where tropomyosin is found and what its role in contraction is: | thin filament; covers myosin binding site on actin |
| describe where actin is found and what its role in contraction is: | thin filament; combines with myosin during contraction |
| describe where myosin is found and what its role in contraction is: | thin filament; combines with myosin heads |
| describe where titin is found and what its role in contraction is: | attaches thick filament to z-disc |
| what are the roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ in muscle contraction? | impulse causes SR to active transport Ca2+ out of muscle and Ca2+ binds to troponin |
| summarize what happens during the "power stroke" of skeletal muscle contraction: | myosin heads swivel up. tropomyosin moves. myosin heads link up with actin. myosin heads swivel down pulling think filaments towards center os sarcomere, myosin heads break down ATP inton ADP, detach, and swivel up. repeats 30-100 times |
| identify meuromuscular junction (NMJ): | where motor neuron communicates with skeletal muscle |
| identify acetylcholine (Ach): | nerve transmitter used at NMJ |
| identify motor unit: | motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers stimulated |
| identify prime mover: | muscle doing work |
| identify antagonist: | muscle relaxing while prime mover works |
| identify synergist: | muscle that prevents unwanted movement |
| identify fixator: | muscle that anchors prime mover to origen |
| identify origin: | attachment to a nonmoving bone |
| identify insertion: | attachment to a moving bone |
Created by:
twilight52
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