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CSA Chapter 4
Nervous System and Psychiatry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absence seizure | seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure |
| ADHD | attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
| affect | emotional feeling or mood |
| agnosia | any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| Alzheimer disease | disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/Lou Gehrig disease | condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death |
| analgesic | drug that relieves pain |
| anencephaly | defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in stillborth |
| anorexia nervosa | a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal |
| ANS | autonomic nervous system |
| antianxiety agents | drugs used to reduce anxiety; also called anxiolytic agents |
| anticonvulsant | a drug also used to treat or prevent convulsions |
| antidepressants | drug that counteracts depression |
| anxiolytic agents | drugs used to reduce anxiety; also called antianxiety agents |
| apathy | a lack of feeling, emotion, or interest |
| aphasia | impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by inability to use or comprehend words; occurs because of stroke, head trauma, etc |
| astereognosis | inability to judge the form of an object by touch (a coin from a key) |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| atopognosis | inability to locates a sensation properly, such as inability to locate a point touched on the body |
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulse, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work |
| Autism (1) | a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first 3 years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything |
| Autism (2) | beyond oneself (auto=self) in social interactions; persons with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking and repetitive hand movements; persons commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects or moving parts or with |
| Autism (3) | performing meaningless rituals |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands |
| Babinski reflex | pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upwards) |
| Babinski sign | pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upwards) |
| BD | bipolar disorder |
| behavioral therapy | treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior |
| bipolar disorder (BD) | an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states) |
| brain | portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium |
| Brainstem | region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the 3 levels are mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata |
| bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise |
| cartoid endarterectomy | incision and coring of the lining of the carotid artery to clear a blockage caused by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque or a clot; an open procedure used to treat patents who are at risk for stroke |
| cata- | down |
| catatonia | a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain spinal cord |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum (little brain) |
| cerebellum | portion of the brain located between below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles |
| cerebral aneurysm | dilation of a blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm=dilation or widening) |
| cerebral angiogram | x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium |
| cerebral arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries of the brain |
| cerebral atherosclerosis | condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain (ather/o=fatty paste) |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex=bark) |
| cerebral embolism | obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus (blood clot, air bubble, or fat deposit in a blood vessel)transported through circulation |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; charac`terized by partial paralysis and lock of muscle coordination (palsy=paralysis) |
| cerebral thrombosis | presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum (largest part of the brain) |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intercranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke); also called stroke |
| cerebrovascular disease | disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain |
| cerebrum | largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left half=ves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie |
| chemotherapy | treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| cognitive therapy | treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking |
| coma | a general term referring to the levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow coma scale |
| computed tomography (CT) of the head | computed tomography (x-ray) images of the head used to visualize abnormalities, such as brain tumors and malformations |
| convulsion | to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
| craniectomy | excision of part of the skull to approach the brain |
| crani/o | skull |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon (patella or achilles) indicating function; positive finding are either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus; numbers are often used to record the response |
| DTR numbers | 0=nonsponse/absent reflex; +1=diminished response; +2=normal response; +3=more brisk than average response; +4=hyperactive response |
| delirium | a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose (deliro=to draw the furrow awry when plowing, to go off the rails) |
| delusion | a persistent belief that has no basis in reality |
| dementia | an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementio=to be mad) |
| diencephalon | area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain-stem; responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex |
| disectomy | removal of a herniated disc |
| DTR | deep tendon reflexes |
| dyslexia | a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression |
| dysphasia | impairment of speech production and inability to arrange words in an understandable way. |
| dysphoria | a restless, dissatisfied mood |
| dythsmia | a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression |
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy |
| EEG | electroencephalogram |
| electrocovulsive therapy (ECT) | electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat patients with severe depression |
| electrodiagnostic procedures | diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the function of the nervous system by recording the electrical signals produced in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | record of the electrical activity of the brain, measured in alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves; used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of conciousness |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| encephal/o | entire brain |
| endovascular neurosurgery (1) | minimal invasive techniques of diagnosis and treatment of disorders within body vessels of the neck, brain, and spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously (through the skin) into the femoral artery (in the groin) and guided by |
| endovascular neurosurgery (2) | angiographic imaging to the treatment site |
| epilepsy | disorder affecting the central nervous system; characterized by recurrent seizures |
| esthesi/o | sensation |
| euphoria | an exaggerated, unfound feeling of well-being |
| evoked potentials | record of minute electrical potential (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders; also used to monitor the neurologic function of patients during surgery |
| extracranial MRA | magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery |
| fissures | deep grooves in the brain |
| flaccid paralysis | defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion |
| flat affect | significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction |
| frontal lobe | anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality |
| GAD | generalized anxiety disorder |
| gangli/o | ganglion (knot) |
| GCS | Glasgow Coma Scale |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance |
| Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) | a neurologic scale used to assess level of conciousness |
| gli/o | glue |
| glioma | tumor of neuroglia (ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia) graded according to degree of malignancy |
| gnos/o | knowing |
| grandiose delusion | a person's false belief that he or she possess great wealth, intelligence, or power |
| gyri | convulsions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres |
| hallucination | a false perception of reality; most commonly hearing or seeing things |
| HD | Huntington's disease |
| hemiparesis | partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
| hemiplagia | paralysis on one side of the body |
| herniated disc | protrusion of degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the spinal nerve root |
| herpes zoster | viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles |
| Huntington chorea | hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros=dance); also called Huntington disease |
| Huntington disease (HD) | hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros=dance); also known as Huntington chorea |
| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain because of developmental problems, infection, injury, or tumor |
| hyperesthesia | increased sensitivity to stimulation such as tough or pain |
| hypn/o | sleep |
| hypnotic | a drug that induces sleep |
| hypochondriasis | a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance tot he contrary |
| hypothalamus | control center for the autonomic nervous system located near the pituitary gland |
| ideation | the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide) |
| intellectual disability | a condition of below average intelligence or mental ability and lack of skills necessary for day to day activities; there are varying degrees ranging from mild to profound. |
| interventional neuroradiology | uses CT and ultrasound to guide percutaneous procedures such as biopsies, fluid drainage, catheter insertion, and dilation or stenting narrowed ducts or vessels |
| intracranial MRA | magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis (common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion) |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| laminectomy | excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| lex/o | word or phrase |
| light therapy | use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called spinal tap |
| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels to detect pathologic conditions, such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (especially soft tissue), such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord |
| major depression, major depressive illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder | a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood the affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest |
| mania | state of abnormal elation and increased activity |
| -mania | condition of abnormal impulse toward |
| meninges | 3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater |
| meningi/o | meninges (membrane) |
| meningioma | benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges) |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| mening/o | meninges (membrane) |
| microsurgery | use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery |
| migraine headache | paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries |
| motor deficit | loss or impairment of muscle function |
| motor nerves | nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves |
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | disease of central nervous system characterized by demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission) |
| myasthenia gravis | autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest |
| myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow |
| myelogram | x-ray record of the spinal cord made visible with a radiopaque contrast medium |
| Narc/o | stupor or sleep |
| narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations) |
| NCV | nerve conduction velocity |
| neuralgia | pain along the course of a nerve |
| neural tube defects | congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system |
| neur/o | nerve |
| neuroleptic agents | drugs used to threat psychosis, especially schizophrenia |
| neuroplasty | surgical repair of a nerve |
| neurosis | a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent |
| nuclear medicine imaging | radionuclide organ imaging |
Created by:
alexandramila
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