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Med Terminology: CH4
Sydney Henderson
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Brain | portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium |
| Cerebrum | largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge a nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie |
| Frontal lobe | anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality |
| Parietal lobe | portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch |
| Temporal lobe | portion that lies below the frontal lobe; responsible for hearing, taste and smell |
| Occipital lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes; responsible for vision |
| Cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex = bark) |
| Thalamus | each of two masses of gray matter deep within the brain between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex |
| Diencephalon | area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain-stem; responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex |
| Gyri | convulsions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres |
| Sulci | shallow groves that separate gyri |
| Fissures | deep grooves in the brain |
| Cerebellum | portion of the brain located between below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles |
| Brainstem | region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the three levels are mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Ventricles | series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord |
| Spinal cord | column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and body |
| Meninges | three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | nerves that branch from the central nervous system including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves) |
| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord |
| Sensory nerves | nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves |
| Motor nerves | nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands |
| Hypothalamus | control center for the autonomic nervous system located near the pituitary gland |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life; for example, the thought that a door is not locked causing repetitive checking to make sure it is lo |
| Hypochondriasis | a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary |
| Autism | a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything |
| Dyslexia | a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work |
| Intellectual disability | a condition of below average intelligence or mental ability and lack of skills necessary for day-to-day activities; there are varying degrees ranging from mild to profound. |
| Anorexia nervosa | a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal |
| Bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise. |
| Substance abuse disorders | mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by the abused substance, such as alcohol abuse, amphetamine abuse, opioid (narcotic) abuse, and polysubstance |
| Schizophrenia | a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment; symptoms include distortions of normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior), flat affect, apath |
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SyddySyd
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