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Psychology 100 Ch. 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| illusion | perception in which the way we perceive a stimulus doesn't match it's physical reality |
| Sensation | Detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain |
| Perception | The brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs |
| Transduction | The process of converting an external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons |
| Sense receptor | Specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system |
| Sensory adaptation | Activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected |
| Psychophysics | The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics |
| Absolute threshold | Lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time |
| Just noticeable difference | The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect |
| Weber's law | There is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity |
| Signal detection theory | Theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions |
| Synesthesia | A condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations |
| Inattentional blindness | Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere |
| Pupil | Circular hole through which light enters the eye |
| Cornea | Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina |
| Lens | Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus |
| Accommodation | Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far |
| Retina | Membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity |
| Fovea | Central portion of the retina |
| Acuity | Sharpness of vision |
| Rods | Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light |
| Dark adaptation | Time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity |
| Cones | Receptor cells in the retina allowin gus to see in color |
| Optic nerve | Nerve that travels from the retina to the brain |
| Blind spot | Part of the visual field we can't see because of an absence of rods and cones |
| Feature detector cell | Cell that detects lines and edges |
| Trichromatic theory | Idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors |
| Color blindess | Inability to see some or all colors |
| Opponent Process Theory | Theory that we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent colors, either red or green, blue or yellow, or black and white |
| Audition | Our sense of hearing |
| Timbre | Complexity of quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, or other sources sound unique |
| Cochlea | Bony, spiral-shaped organ used for hearing |
| Organ of Corti | Tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing |
| Basilar Membrane | Membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea |
| Place theory | Specific places along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch |
| Frequency theory | Rate at which neurons fire the action potential reproduces the pitch |
| Olfaction | Our sense of smell |
| Gustation | Our sense of taste |
| Taste bud | Sense receptor in the tongue that responds to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat |
| Pheromone | Odorless chemical that serves as a social signal to members of one's species |
| Somatosensory | Our sense of touch, temperature, and pain |
| Gate control model | idea that pain is blocked or gated from consciousness by neural mechanisms in spinal cord |
| Phantom pain | Pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb |
| Proprioception | Our sense of body position |
| Vestibular sense | Our sense of equilibrium or balance |
| Semicircular canals | Three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance |
| Parallel Processing | The ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously |
| Bottom-up processing | Processing in which a whole is constructed from parts |
| Top-down processing | Conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and expectancies |
| Perceptual set | Set formed when expectations influence perceptions |
| Perceptual constancy | The process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions |
| Depth perception | Ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations |
| Monocular depth cues | Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye |
| Binocular depth cues | stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes |
| Subliminal perception | Perception below the limen or threshold of conscious awareness |
| Extrasensory Perception | Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation |
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wintetey000
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