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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter |
| Enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
| Enzyme-mediated | when an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | the reactant on which an enzyme works |
| Activation Energy | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation |
| Catalysis | the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst |
| Catalysts | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| Competitive Inhibition | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics |
| Denaturation | in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product |
| pH | a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14 |
| Cyanobacteria | a division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis; they are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known form of life on the earth |
| NADPH/NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells |
| Aerobic | relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen |
| Anaerobic | relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen |
| Cellular Respiration | a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products |
| Coenzyme | a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme |
| Cytosol | the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended |
| Electrochemical Gradient | a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane |
| Electron | a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids |
| Electron Acceptor | a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport |
| Endothermic | if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings |
| Fermentation | a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes |
| Glycolysis | the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺ |
| Inorganic Chemistry | the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds, which include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds |
| Lactic Acid | a colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise |
| NADH/NAD+ | a cofactor central to metabolism found in all living cells |
| Organic Chemistry | a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding |
| Oxidation | an energy-producing reaction in living cells, and it is coupled with a reduction reaction. when a compound loses an electron, or is oxidized, another compound gains the electron, or is reduced. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate |
| Photophosphorylation | the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP. It is the process of synthesizing energy-rich ATP molecules by transferring the phosphate group into ADP molecule in the presence of light |
| Proton | a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign |
| Pyruvate | an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways |
| Stimuli | any change in an organism's environment that causes the organism to react |
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Eleccion
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