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PSYCH HMN DVLPMNT 21
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian PSYC "Human Development" Test Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do "developmental psychologists" specialize in? | This group of social scientists study changes, "over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior". |
| List the five (5) stages of life that are identified by developmental psychologists. | 1. Prenatal period; 2. Infancy; 3. Childhood; 4. Adolescence; 5. Adulthood. |
| What does the term "zygote" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the first cell of human life. It is the cell that is created when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell. |
| How long does the "embryo" period last? | This period lasts from about 2 weeks to 2 months. |
| What major physiological developments occur during the embryo period? | During this period, the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and sex organs as well as the nervous system begin to form. |
| When is an "embryo" considered a "fetus"? | This occurs after about 2 months in utero (i.e. before birth). |
| How long do most "healthy, full-term pregnancies" last? | These typically last between 38 - 42 weeks. |
| At what age is the "human brain about 80% of the adult size"? | This occurs by age 4. |
| What does the term "plastic" mean/refer to where human development is concerned? | This term refers to the brain's organization in response to environmental experiences. |
| What does the term "synaptic pruning" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved and those that are not used are lost". |
| What does the term "teratogens" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to agents that harm the embryo or fetus. |
| What is the relationship between poverty and human brain devlopment in infancy? | The relationship between these two things is that "living conditions that tend to come with poverty (such as stress & poor nutrition) have a negative effect on human brain development during this period. |
| List three (3) things that are considered "teratogens" where human development is concerned. | 1. Alcohol; 2. Drugs; 3. Bacteria & viruses. |
| List three (3) symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). | 1. Low birth weight; 2. Face & head abnormalities; 3. Intellectual disabilities. |
| Why should males be just as cautious about their diets & exposure to toxins as women when it comes to fetal development? | There is evidence that things like paternal smoking and alcohol consumption are related to health problems for infants, "perhaps because of gene mutations or damaged sperm". |
| What three (3) reflexes are infants born with the help ensure its survival? | 1. Grasping reflex; 2. Rooting reflex; 3. Sucking reflex. |
| At about what age does an infant begin to "walk without assistance"? | This occurs at about 12 months of age. |
| At about what age do infants begin to crawl? | This occurs at about 10 months of age. |
| What does the term "Dynamic Systems Theory" mean/ refer to? | This terms refers to "the view that development is a self-organizing process, in which new forms of behavior emerge through interactions between a biological being & cultural & environmental contexts. |
| How does human development occur from a "Dynamic Systems Theory" approach? | This occurs "through both the person's active exploration of an environment and the constant feedback that environment provides". |
| When do infants reach adult levels of "visual acuity"? | This occurs at about 12 months of age. |
| What does the term "visual acuity" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the ability to distinguish differences among shapes, patterns, and colors". |
| What does the "Preferential-Looking Technique" test? | This technique tests visual acuity in infants. |
| What does the term "infantile amnesia" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the inability to remember events from early childhood. |
| Complete the following sentence: "Most adults remember few events that occurred before they were _________ or _________ years old". | 3 or 4. |
| What are two (2) possible explanations given for "infantile amnesia"? | 1. Children begin retaining explicit memories after developing the ability to create autobiographical memory based on personal experience; 2. Children younger than 3 or 4 don't perceive context well enough to store memories accurately. |
| What does the term "attachment" mean/refer to where human development is concerned? | This term refers to "a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances". |
| How old are infants when they first exhibit a "social smile"? | They are between 4 and 6 weeks when they first do this. |
| What did researcher Harry Harlow and his wife conclude about attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys? | Infant monkeys will prefer and form an attachment to a surrogate mother that provides comfort over a wire surrogate mother that provides milk. |
| What does the term "contact comfort" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the importance of physical touch and reassurance" (in aiding social development). |
| What are the characteristics of a "secure attachment style" in infants and children? | Infant is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and is readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress. |
| About what percentage of children display characteristics of a "secure attachment style"? | About 60 - 65% of children display this. |
| What are the characteristics of an "insecure attachment style" in infants? | The infant may exhibit this form of attachment through behaviors such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors". |
| What is one (1) characteristic of an "ambivalent" (i.e. anxious/avoidant) attachment style in infants? | The infant may cry a great deal when the caregiver leaves the room but then be inconsolable when the caregiver tries to calm them down upon return. |
| What hormone "contributes to social behaviors, including infant/caregiver attachment"? | Oxytocin contributes to this. |
| What were the four (4) stages of cognitive development identified by Jean Piaget? What ages are associated with each stage? | 1. Sensorimotor; ages birth - 2 years old; 2. Preoperational; ages 2 - 7 years old; 3. Concrete operational; ages 7 - 12 years old; 4. Formal operational; ages 12 years and up. |
| What are two (2) characteristics of Jean Piaget's "Sensorimotor" stage of cognitive development? | 1. Differentiates self from objects; 2. Achieves "object permanence" (realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the senses). |
| What are two (2) characteristics of Jean Piaget's "Preoperational" stage of cognitive development? | 1. Learns to use language & to represent objects by images & words; 2. Has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others. |
| What are two (2) characteristics of Jean Piaget's "Concrete operational" stage of cognitive development? | 1. Can think logically about objects & events; 2. Classifies objects by several features & can order them in a series along a single dimension, such as size. |
| What is one (1) characteristic of Jean Piaget's "Formal operational" stage of cognitive development? | Can think logically about abstract propositions & test hypotheses systematically. |
| What was "central to Lev Vygotsky's theories" on cognitive development in infants and children? | Central to his theories is "the idea that social & cultural context influences language development, In turn, language development influences cognitive development". |
| What does the term "orienting reflex" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "humans' tendency to pay more attention to new stimuli than to stimuli to which they have become habituated". |
| What does the term "habituated" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "decreased responding to an unchanged stimulus". |
| What did Piaget's "Marble Test" lead him to conclude? | This led him to conclude that very young children do not understand quantity in terms of number. They understand it in terms of length. |
| What did researchers Mehler and Bever's M & M's version of Piaget's Marble Test show? | This showed "that very young children can, in fact, understand quantity in terms of number". |
| What does the term "Theory of Mind" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the ability to understand that other people have mental states that influence their behavior". |
| What will a child understand when they have acquired "theory of mind"? | Children who have acquired this will understand that "different individuals have both different perspectives & knowledge based on their individual experiences". |
| List the names of each of Lawrence Kohlberg's "Stages of Moral Development" theory. | 1. Preconventional level; 2. Conventional level; 3. Postconventional level. |
| What, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, occurs during the "preconventional level" of moral development? | "This is the earliest moral development; at this level, self-interest & event outcomes determine what is moral". |
| What, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, occurs during the "conventional level" of moral development? | The "middle stage of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal rules & the approval of others determine what is moral". |
| What, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, occurs during the "postconventional level" of moral development? | The "highest stage of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of life". |
| How did Lawrence Kohlberg test research subjects to determine which of his three (3) "Stages of Moral Development" they had achieved? | He did this by asking subjects to respond to various moral dilemma questions such as whether they would steal a drug to save their dying spouse because they couldn't afford the drug. |
| What does the "social intuitionist model" of morality state? | This model states that "moral judgements reflect people's initial and automatic emotional responses". |
| What two (2) areas of the brain are most active when research subjects are making moral judgements? | The areas of the brain most active during this are the amygdala and insula. |
| What does the term "puberty" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "the onset of sexual maturity that marks the beginning of adolescence". |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? | Primary sex characteristics relate to the sex organs and reproductive process while secondary sex characteristics relate to other physical changes that occur as a result of hormonal changes that signal the onset of puberty. |
| What has research found related to the start of a female's menstrual cycle in relation to their environment? | Research on this has found that girls who live in extremely stressful environments or who have a history of insecure attachments begin menstruating earlier than those who live in peaceful, secure environments. |
| When is the frontal cortex of the brain fully myelinated? | This occurs in the mid-20's. |
| List the names of the eight (8) "Stages of Human Development" proposed by Erik Erikson. | 1. Infancy; 2. Toddler; 3. Preschool; 4. Childhood; 5. Adolescence; 6. Young Adulthood; 7. Middle Adulthood; 8. Old Age. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to infancy? | Trust vs. Mistrust. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to being a toddler? | Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to Preschool? | Initiative vs. Guilt. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to Childhood? | Industry vs. Inferiority. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to adolescence? | Identity vs. Role Confusion |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to young adulthood? | Intimacy vs. Isolation. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to middle adulthood? | Generativity vs. Stagnation. |
| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to old age? | Integrity vs. Despair. |
| What does the term "gender identity" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "one's sense of being male or female". |
| What does the term "gender role" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "the characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influence and learning". |
| What does the term "bicultural identity" mean/refer to? | This term refers to a situation in which a child strongly identifies with two cultures and seamlessly combines a sense of identity with both groups. |
| What does the term "cliques" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "a narrow exclusive circle or group of persons, especially one held together by common interests, views, or purposes". |
| What determines a person's overall well-being as they progress through adulthood? | The cognitive, physical, and psychological shape the person is in during early adulthood determines this. |
| What does the term "dementia" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a brain condition that causes thinking, memory, and behavior to deteriorate progressively". |
| What are the major causes of "dementia" in older adults? | The major causes of this are small strokes that affect the brain's blood supply. |
| List three (3) things that can significantly decrease a person's risk of developing "dementia". | 1. Working puzzles; 2. Remaining socially active; 3. Maintaining physical exercise at least 3 days per week. |
| What does psychologist Laura Cartensen's "socioemotional selectivity theory" state? | This theory states that "as people grow older they perceive time to be limited & therefore adjust their priorities to emphasize meaningful events, experiences, & goals". |
| About how many people will be over the age of 65 by 2030? | About 1 in 5 Americans will be this age by 2030. |
| What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study find related to aging's effect on intelligence? | "This study found that intellectual decline does not occur until people are in their 60's and 70's". |
| What has research shown related to marriage and a person's health in adulthood? | This research has shown that married people are healthier and live longer than those who were never married, are divorced, or widowed. |
| Complete the following sentence: "Since 1900, through modern medicine and improvements in hygiene and food availability, the average life expectancy has increased by about __________ years". | 35 |
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