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nematodes
2nd year medical school parasitology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T or F Nematodes - Females are larger than males | True |
| Nematodes has how many larval stages? | 4 |
| Class Phasmidia Lives in the small intestines | Ascaris Lumbrocoides Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma ceylanicum Strongyloides stercoralis |
| Phasmidia - Large intestine | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Phasmidia that causes filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi |
| Phasmidia -Larva migrans | ❍ Ancylostoma braziliense ❍ Ancylostoma caninum ❍ Angiostrongylus cantonensis |
| Class Aphasmidia Lives in the small intestines | Trichinella spiralis Capillaria philippinensis |
| Class Aphasmidia Large intestines | Trichuris trichiura |
| Highest prevalence in Tropical and Subtropical regions 70% from Asia MC Intestinal Nematode of Man | Ascaris Lumbricoides |
| Ascaris Infective stage | Embryonated Ova |
| Ascaris Diagnostic stage | Ova (fertilized/unfertilized) |
| What nematode? Lemon-shaped or barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs | Trichuris trichiura |
| Trichuris trichiura aka? | Whipworm |
| ADULT WORMS: Creamy white to pinkish yellow when freshly expelled. The head is provided with 3 lips and a small triangular buccal cavity. | Ascaris lumbricoides |
| Female ascaris ❍ Tapered at both ends ❍ large, paired reproductive organs in posterior _____(22-35cm long) | 2/3 |
| Male ascaris • Smaller and slender, curved posteriorly, single tortous tubule and equipped with _________(10-31cm) | copulatory spicule |
| (Medication and dosage in mg) one dose orally is the drug of choice for ascariasis in stable patients older than 12 months with uncomplicated infection. | Albendazole 400 mg |
| 1. Treatment (meds) for Filariasis 2. Causative nematodes 3. Transmission | 1. Diethylcarbamazine 2. Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi 3. Mosquito bite |
| Ascaris Layers of Fertile Eggs | Outer – Mamillary Coat Middle – Glycogen layer Inner – Vitelline Layer |
| In the __1__ phase of Ascaris, allergic __2__ reaction may occur with reinfection | 1. Tissue 2. asthmatic |
| Trichinella spiralis 1. Transmission 2. Infective stage 3. Diagnostic stage | 1. Undercooked pork 2. encysted larvae 3. encysted larvae |
| Trichuris trichiura Type of Muscle Arrangement | Holomyarian |
| Trichuris trichiura Male or Female? coiled posterior with a single spicule & retractile sheath | Male |
| Trichuris trichiura Male or Female? Bluntly rounded posterior end | Female |
| Trichuris trichiura Lifespan? | 1 year |
| MAJOR PATHOLOGY Persons w/ slight infections are asymptomatic Ulcerative Colitis in children Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Adults Histology: Eosinophil Infiltrations No Decrease in Goblet Cells | Trichuriasis |
| More of a focally transmitted worm than a soil transmitted helminth because it is infective shortly after passage w/ the feces. | Strongyloides stercoralis |
| Trichuris trichiura Treatment (meds) | Mebendazole |
| Trichuris trichiura 1. infective stage 2. diagnostic stage | 1. embryonated egg 2. unembryonated egg |
| “Threadworm”, Cichin China Diarrhea | Strongyloides stercoralis |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Free Living form, diagnostic Stage | Rhabditiform Larvae |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Parasitic Form, Infective stage | Filariform Larvae |
| Bloody or Mucoid Diarrhea Weight Loss and Weakness Abdominal Pain and Tenderness Rectal Prolapse Gross Blood in stool and Stunting | Trichuriasis |
| Major damage is due to the loss of blood at the site of attachment in the small intestine | Hookworms |
| Smallest Nematode of Man | Strongyloides stercoralis |
| Causative parasite hookworm infection | Necator Americanus Ancylostoma duodenale |
| Treatment for Trichinella spiralis | Thiabendazole |
| Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird | Capillaria philippinenses |
| Peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolarplugs | Capillaria philippinenses |
| Only helminth that causes greater pathology in AIDS | Strongyloides stercoralis |
| Enterobious vermicularis 1. Infective stage 2. Diagnostic stage | 1. Embryionated egg 2. Eggs on perianal folds |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Male or Female? (+) muscular double bulbed esophagus | Female |
| 3 Phases of Infection (strongyloides stercoralis) | 1. Invation of the skin by filariform larvae 2. Migration of larvae thru the body 3. Penetration of the intestinal mucosa by adult female worms |
| 2nd Phases of Infection (strongyloides stercoralis) Migration of larvae thru the body - lungs are destroyed causing ____ with _____ | LOBAR pneumonia with haemorrhage |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Male or Female? Ventrally curved tail, a gubernaculum but no caudal alae | Male Additional info: it has 2 copulatory spicules |
| 3rd Phases of Infection (strongyloides stercoralis) Penetration of the intestinal mucosa by adult female worms - (what part of intestine?) | Duodenum and upper jejunum |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Male or Female? Intestine is a straight cylindrical tube | Female |
| • Major clinical features are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and urticaria, with eosinophilia. • Skin shows recurring allergic, raised, itchy, red wheals from larval penetration. | Strongyloidiasis |
| D-shaped ovum with thin colorless cell wall. What worm? | Enterobious vermicularis (pinworm/seatworm/oxyuriasis/enterobiasis) |
| Ascaris Infertile or Fertile egg? Longer and narrower; Thin shell & irregular mamillated coating filled with refractive granules | Infertile egg |
| Ascaris Infertile or Fertile egg? Shorter and wider | Fertile egg |
| Ascaris Infertile or Fertile egg? _1_ Thick transparent hyaline shell with a thick outer layer + _2_, lipoidal inner membrane (highly impermeable) | 1. Fertile egg 2. vitelline |
| Ascaris Infertile or Fertile egg? Outer, coarsely mamillated albuminous covering which maybe absent or lost in decorticated eggs | Fertile egg |
| Ascaris Infertile or Fertile egg? Difficult to identify | Infertile egg |
| Laboratory diagnostic Quantitative Egg/counts/gram fces Determine egg reduction after treatment Determine intensity of ascaris infection | Kato Katz Technique |
| Laboratory diagnostic qualitative tech, MASS examination | Kato technique |
| Laboratory diagnostic 2mg of Feces + 1gtt NSS | Direct Fecal Smear |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform or Rhabditiform? Colorless, semi-transparent with a finely striated cuticle | Filariform |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform or Rhabditiform? Short buccal cavity; has 4 indistinct lips; vulva is located 1/3 the full length of the body | Filariform |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform or Rhabditiform? (+) elongated esophagus with a pyriform posterior bulb | Rhabditiform |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform or Rhabditiform? Shorter buccal capsule larger genital primordial (diff from hookworm) | Rhabditiform |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform or Rhabditiform? SI smaller & less attenuated posteriorly (diff from hookworm) | Rhabditiform |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform or Rhabditiform? Slender tapering anterior end & a short conical pointed tail | Filariform |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Male or Female? _1_ ventrally curved tail, two _2_, a _3_ but no caudal alae | 1. Male 2. copulatory spicules 3. gubernaculum |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Male or Female? _1_ (+) muscular _2_ esophagus Intestine is straight cylindrical tube | 1. Female 2. double bulbed |
| _1_ has caused sudden deterioration and death in _2_ persons because of heavy autoinfection and larval migration throughout body (hyperinfection), with _3_ infection secondary to larval spread and intestinal leakage. | 1. S. stercoralis 2. immunocompromised 3. bacterial |
| What parasite causes Cochin China Diarrhea | S. stercoralis |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Recovery of the _1_ larvae is normally from the stool concentrate. Caution: _2_ larvae can also be recovered in the stool. | 1. rhabditiform (noninfective) 2. Filariform (infective) |
| Stongyloides stercoralis If the stool specimens are negative, ____1____ is recommended (duodenal aspirates, _2_); however, the overall sensitivity of the method varies. | 1. examination of duodenal contents 2. Entero-Test capsule |
| Strongyloides stercoralis Diagnostic test _1_ (distinguished by their prominent _2_ and a _3_ tail) | 1. Harada-Mori Culture 2. genital primordium 3. pointed |
| Trichinella spiralis spiralis - _1_ Trichinella spiralis nativa- _2_ Trichinella spiralis _3_ - _4_ | 1. Temperate Regions 2. Artic Regions 3. nelsoni 4. Africa |
| Trichinella Male or Female? 1. Blunt, round posterior end 2. Curved posterior end 3. with two round appendages 4. Thin anterior end | 1 Female 2. Male 3. Male 4. Both |
| (+) spear like burrowing anterior tip | Encysted larva of Trichinella |
| In Trichinella, humans are the __ hosts | end stage |
| ___ are important diagnostic criterion in Trichinella | Subconjunctival hemorrhages |
| Trichinella Muscle Biopsy - done after 7 days _______________ - done 3 weeks after infection | Bentonite flocculation test |
| Trichinella Muscles for muscle biopsy: | Diaphragm Pectoral Gluteus Deltoid Biceps Gastrocnemius |
| Treatment for severe Trichinosis | Steroids + Mebendazole (Thiabendazole is effective against the adult intstinal worms early in infection) |
| Natural host of C. philippinensis | Migratory fish eating birds |
| Development to the infective stage in the fish takes at least _1_. 2. What parasite? | 1. 3 weeks 2. C. philippinensis |
| C. philippinensis Most of the abnormality is found in the small intestine, where the wall is _1_ and _2_, and contains many larval and adult worms. | 1. thickened 2. indurated |
| C. philippinensis On gastroduodenoscopy and subsequent histology, the jejunal mucosa revealed _1_ villi, crypt proliferation, acute inflammation, and _2_ granulomata. | 1. flattened 2. eosinophilic |
| Eggs are peanut-shaped with straited shells & flattened bipolar plugs | C. philippinensis |
| Treatment for C. philippinensis (complete) | Electrolyte replacements High protein diet DOC: Albendazole 400mg OD x 10 days |
| ● Oral end lacks a true buccal capsule. ● CUTICULAR ALAR EXPANSION on the anterior end (CEPHALIC ALAE). ● Prominent Esophageal Bulb. | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Enterobius vermicularis Habitat of Adult Worms | Cecum, Appendix, Rectum |
| ENTEROBIASIS aka | OXYURIASIS |
| ● Most common soil transmitted helminth in developed countries. ● A Cosmopolitan Worm. | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Dog Ascaris or Dog Roundworm | Toxocara canis |
| Toxocara canis Causes 3 "larva migrans" | Visceral larva migrans Ocular larva migrans (OLM or Ocular Toxocariasis Neurotoxocariasis or neural larva migrans (NLM) |
| ● Zoonotic roundworms ● Transmitted in raw seafoods ● Causes eosinophilic gastroenteritis | Anisakis simplex |
| ● Dog and Cat Hookworm ● Causes Creeping Eruptions or Cutaneous Larva Migrans | Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense |
| ● Rat Lungworm ● Transmitted in undercooked seafoods | Angiostrongylus cantonensis |
| Angiostrongylus cantonensis' most notable symptom | Eosinophilic meningitis |
| Most common cause of Parasitic Meningitis. | Angiostrongylus cantonensis |
| Long thread-like nematode that inhabits the human lymphatic system and lays a highly modified elongated egg with a larva inside called microfilariae. | LYMPHATIC FILARIA PARASITES Wuchereria bancrofti: Bancroftian Filariasis Brugia malayi: Malayan Filariasis |
| LYMPHATIC FILARIA PARASITES Causes chronic disfiguring diseases like _1_ and _2_. | 1. elephantiasis 2. hydrocoele |
| Wuchereria bancrofti principal vector | Anopheles minimus flavirostris |
| _1_ and _2_ are NIGHT BITING. Aedes is DAY BITING. | 1. Anopheles 2. Culex |
| Thread-like, creamy white, long and filiform; The females are ovoviviparous. | Adult Wuchereria (Wuchereria bancrofti) |
| Minute snakelike organisms measuring 270-290 microns Enclosed in a hyaline sheath much longer than the organism itself. Cephalic space is 1:1 (long as it is wide) | Microfilariae (Wuchereria bancrofti) |
| Filariasis Infective stage of HUMANS: | Filariform larvae |
| Occult filariasis without the classical clinical manifestations. Microfilariae are not found in the blood but are found in the tissues (mostly pulmonary) | Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE) |
| Filariasis Enables detection of nocturnally periodic microfilariae in blood taken during the daytime. | Diethylcarbamazine Provocative Test |
| Random movements of adult filarias seen in scrotal lymphatics in Ultrasonography (of the scrotum) | Filarial Dance Sign |
| Dranculus medinensis aka | Guinea worm |
| African Eye Worm Endemic in Western Africa, especially in the Congo and Sudan | Loa loa |
| Causes River Blindness Central Africa, Arabia, the Americans due to the slave trade Intermediate host and vector is Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) | Onchocerca volvulus |
Created by:
matiNIK
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