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Endocrine System
Ch. 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrinology | Crin/o-= secrete Study of (glands) within (the body that) secrete (hormones) |
| Primary Male and Female Hormones | Androgen & Estrogen |
| Males produce these hormones in the | Testes |
| Females produce these hormones in the | Ovaries |
| Although males & females possess BOTH of these types of hormones they | Possess them in significantly different amounts. |
| Endocrine Gland | Glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood -This gland uses hormones as chemical messengers |
| Exocrine Gland | Glands that produce and secrete substance on the outside of the body |
| Galactorrhea | Discharge of milk due to the hypersecretion of prolactin |
| Anterior pituitary gland secretes ________ that leads to Galactorrhea? | Prolactin |
| Hyperpituitarism | Disease of the pituitary gland that causes hypersecretion (above normal secretion) of one or more pituitary hormones. |
| Hypersecretion | Above normal secretion |
| Hypopituitarism | when you lack one or more of the pituitary hormones. -Diminished hormone secretion by the pituitary gland, causing dwarfism in children and premature aging in adults. -Children are smaller than average & adults seem younger than they are. |
| Panhypopituitarism | Lack of pituitary hormones Pan: All Hypo: Deficient Pituitarism: Has to do with the pituitary gland |
| Hormones made by the pituitary gland include | Growth hormone (GH) |
| Gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood & puberty |
| Acromegaly | Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood |
| Dwarfism | Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood & puberty |
| Galactorrhea & the following diseases down are of the | Anterior Pituitary Gland |
| Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary Glands | |
| What hormone does the pituitary gland secrete that leads to these diseases? | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Hyposecretion of (ADH) -(3 most common causes) -brain tumor, head injury, or complications during brain or pituitary surgery. |
| Polyuria | Condition of urinating too much |
| Polydipsia | Condition of too much thirst |
| Diseases of the Pineal Gland | |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) | Hypersecretion of melatonin, causing depression, weight gain, and an increased desire for food and sleep. |
| What hormone does the Pineal Gland secrete that leads to this disease? | Melatonin |
| Diseases of the Thyroid Gland | |
| Hyperthyroidism | Disease of the thyroid gland that causes hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. |
| What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete that leads to these diseases? | Thyroid Hormone |
| Grave's Disease | Most common type of hyperthyroidism: an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies that stimulate TSH receptor on the thyroid gland & increase the production of thyroid hormones. |
| Exophthalmos | Well known sign of hyperthyroidism, that causes edema behind the eyeballs causing them to protrude. (eyes bulge) |
| Goiter | Chronic & progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Thyromegaly | Enlargement of the thyroid gland -Another name for goiter |
| Hypothyroidism | Disease of the thyroid gland that causes hyposecretion of thyroid hormones |
| Myxedema | Swelling of the subcutaneous and connective tissues |
| Cretinism | Untreated congenital hypothyroidism that results in mental retardation |
| Hashimoto's Thyroiditis | The most common type of thyroiditis; an autoimmune disorder in which the body forms antibodies against the thyroid gland |
| Thyroid carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland |
| Thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| Diseases of the Parathyroid Gland | |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Disease of the parathyroid gland that causes hypersecretion of parathyroid hormones -Causes hypercalcemia (condition of above normal amounts of calcium in the blood) |
| Hypercalcemia | Condition of above normal amounts of calcium in the blood |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Disease of the parathyroid gland that causes hyposecretion of parathyroid hormones -Causes hypocalcemia (below normal amounts of calcium in the blood)- causes tetany (sustained muscle spasms) |
| Hypocalcemia | Below normal amounts of calcium in the blood |
| Tetany | Sustained muscle spasms |
| What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete that leads to these diseases? | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
| Diseases of the Pancreas | |
| Hypoglycemia | Condition of below normal (amounts) of glucose in the blood -Causes headaches, sweating, and shakiness |
| Insulin resistance syndrome | Hypersecretion of insulin; occurs when receptors on the body cell resist and do not allow insulin to transport glucose into the cell. |
| What hormone does the pancreas secrete that leads to these diseases? | Insulin |
| Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | Hyposecretion of insulin; caused by an inability of the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin -One precursor to getting DM is gestational diabetes during pregnancy |
| Hyperglycemia | Condition of above normal (amounts of) glucose in the blood |
| Glycosuria | Condition of having glucose in the urine |
| Polyphagia | Condition of eating too much |
| Ketoacidosis | Condition of high levels of ketones (acidic by-product) in the blood -Dangerous complication of diabetes mellitus |
| Ketones | Acidic by-product |
| Diabetic neuropathy | Decreased or abnormal sensation in the extremities because of nerve damage due to demyelination of the nerves |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Degenerative changes in the nephrons of the kidneys because of the high levels of glucose and ketones |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Degenerative changes of the retina of the eye because of the local effects of high levels of glucose and ketones |
| Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex | |
| Hyperaldosteronism | Disease of the adrenal cortex that causes the hypersecretion of aldosterone; caused by an adenoma in the adrenal cortex |
| Hypoaldosteronism | Disease of the adrenal cortex that causes the hyposecretion of aldosterone; caused by a defect in the adrenal cortex |
| What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete that leads to these diseases? | Aldosterone |
| Phechromocytoma | A tumor of the medulla (with a) gray color (to the) cells (when viewed under a microscope) caused by the hormones Epinephrine & Norepinephrine |
| What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete that leads to these diseases? | Cortisol |
| Cushing's Syndrome | Hypersecretion of cortisol caused by an adenoma in the adrenal cortex resulting in rapid weight gain causing deposits of fat in the face (moon face), upper back (buffalo hump), and abdomen |
| Addison's Disease | Hyposecretion of cortisol; an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies that destroy the adrenal cortex |
| What hormone does the adrenal cortex secretes that leads to these diseases? | Androgens |
| Virilism | Masculine facial features and body build in girls |
| Hirsutism | Excessive, dark hair on the forearms and face of girls |
| Diseases of the Ovaries | |
| What hormones does the ovaries secrete that leads to this disease? | Estrogen |
| Menopause | Cessation of a monthly (cycle) caused by the estrogen hormone |
| Diseases of the Testes | |
| What hormone does the testes secrete that leads to these diseases? | Testosterone |
| Precocious Puberty | Hypersecretion of testosterone in a male child caused by an adenoma in the testis |
| Gynecomastia | Hyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male causing a condition of breasts in males |
| Infertility | Hyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male causing too few spermatozoa to be produced |
| Blood Tests | (FBS), (GTT). (TFT) |
| Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) | Test that measures the level of glucose after the patient has not eaten for at least 12 hours |
| Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) | Blood and urine tests that measure the level of glucose to determine if the pancreas is secreting a normal amount of insulin |
| Thyroid Function Test (TFT) | Test that measures the levels of T3 & T4, and TSH to determine if the thyroid gland is secreting normal amounts of thyroid hormones |
| Urine Test (Urine Dipstick) | Test that measures glucose, ketones, and other substances in the urine |
| Surgical Procedures | |
| Adrenalectomy | Surgical removal of the adrenal gland |
| Parathyroidectomy | Surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands |
| Thymectomy | Surgical removal of the thymus |
| Thyroidectomy | Surgical removal of the thyroid gland |
| Medications used to treat hormone diseases | |
| Antidiabetic | Medications that treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to secrete more insulin or by increasing the number of insulin receptors on cells |
| Antithyroid | Medications that treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones |
Created by:
Ash_Nic
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