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BIO 181 Exam 3

Terms and Definitions for third exam in BIO 181

QuestionAnswer
Which of the following equations best summarizes cellular respiration? Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon Dioxide+Water+ATP
Does Glycolysis, the first step of Cellular Respiration, require Oxygen? NO
Where does glycolysis take place? In the cytoplasm
Where does the citric acid cycle take place? Inside the matrix of the mitochondrion
What are the final/net output of glycolysis? 2ATPs; 2NADH; 2 pyruvate
What are the final outputs of the citric acid cycle? 6CO2; 2ATP; 8NADH; 2FADH2
What are the reactants for the Electron Transport Chain process? 10 NADH+2FADH+6 Oxygens+34 ADP+34 Phosphates
The energy gained from the electron transport chain across the mitochondrial membrane can be used directly to generate: A proton (H+) concentration gradient
True or False: Cellular respiration is an aerobic process; fermentation is anaerobic True
Which are the phases of Glycolysis? Investment phase and harvest phase
DNA is found in structures called ______. chromosomes
The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______. nucleus
Chromatin consists of ______. DNA and protein
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. sister chromatids
Which of the following occurs during interphase? Chromosome duplication.
The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
During metaphase ______. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Which of these events occurs during anaphase? Sister chromatids separate
Homologous chromosomes ______. carry the same genes
What sex chromosomes belong to a normal human male? XY
What sex chromosomes belong to a normal human female? XX
Sexual intercourse in humans ______. allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell
Upon completion of telophase, I and cytokinesis, there is(are) ______ cell(s). two haploid
Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does not occur in prophase II? Crossing over occurs
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______. mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
Genetic variation (the shuffling of gene combinations) is accomplished by all but one of the following. Which is it? the events of meiosis II
Where does glycolysis take place? In the cytoplasm
Where does the citric acid cycle take place? Inside the matrix of the mitochondrion
The cell cycle results in the production of two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with same genetic information.
Which of the following is an actual difference between mitosis and meiosis? A single cell is divided into two cells in mitosis and four cells in meiosis.
Which of the following contributes to variation in offspring for sexually reproducing organisms? all of the above (Independent orientation of tetrads during meiosis, crossing over homologous chromosomes during tetrad formation, sexual reproduction)
Fermentation A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes.
Fermentation products in human cells Have lactic acid fermentation when the body needs lots of energy.
Fermentation products in yeast Produces CO2 and ethyl alcohol
NADH The abbreviation for the naturally occurring biological substance, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride. Known to be the most powerful antioxidant to protect cells from damage by harmful substances.
NAD+ A molecule formed from vitamin B3 and ATP that acts as a carrier molecule for electrons and hydrogen. It then becomes NADH when two electrons and a hydrogen are added to the molecule.
Aerobic Requires the presence of air or free oxygen for life
Anaerobic Organisms are those that live an anoxic environment as one of them lacks oxygen
Reduction Usually involves a half-reaction in which a chemical species decreases its oxidation number by gaining electrons. Meanwhile, the other half involves oxidation which electrons are lost.
Mitochondrial Matrix The site of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a series of enzymatic reactions initiated by the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A.
Inner Membrane Impermeable to polar molecules, regulates the passage of nutrients, metabolites, macromolecules, and information in and out of the cytoplasm and maintains the proton motive force required for energy storage
Outer Membrane Fully surrounds the inner membrane, with a small intermembrane space in between. Has many protein-based pores that are big enough to allow the passage of ions and molecules as large as a small protein.
Final Electron Acceptor The reduction to water is used as a vehicle by which to clear the mitochondrial chain of low energy
ATP Synthase A protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecules adenosine triphosphate using adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate
Chromosome Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Sister Chromatids Refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome with both copies joined together by a common centromere
Chromatin A complex of DNA, protein, and RNA found in eukaryotic cells
Homologous Chromosome Set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization
Haploid An organism or cell having one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number
Diploid Having two haploid sets of homologous chromosomes
Crossing Over Swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. During meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another
Centromere The fundamental chromosomal structure where proteins nucleate to form kinetochores that bind to spindle microtubules and mediate chromosome segregation during cell division
Created by: johnnyharrod13
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