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Rad Bio 10 5 12 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| international authority on the safe use of ionizing radiation; provides recommendations for occupational and public dose limits; NOT enforcement agency | International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) |
| nongovernmental, nonprofit, private corporation in US, reviews recommendations by the ICRP, determines how recommendations can be used in the US | National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements (NCRP) |
| formulates radiation protection guidelines; evaluates human & environmental ionizing radiation exposures from radioactive materials, radiation-producing machines, & radiation accidents | United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) |
| reviews studies of biologic effects on ionizing radiation on groups of people; early radiation workers, atomic bomb victims of Hiroshima & Nagasaki, evacuees from Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster | National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR) |
| regulates use of radioactive isotopes in nuc-med in hospitals | Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) |
| state governments have written contrast with the NRC; enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments | Agreement States |
| facilitates the development & enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design & manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment (mostly mammography equipment) | US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominately in industry | Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) |
| Functions of the Radiation Safety Committee include: | - provides guidance for the program - facilitates ongoing operation of the program - selects qualified person to serve as a radiation safety officer (RSO) |
| What does a radiation safety officer do? | oversees the programs daily operation & provides for formal review of the program each year |
| Radiation safety officers are normally: | - medical physicist - health physicist - radiologist - Other individuals qualified through adequate training and experience |
| What is the purpose of the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968? | to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products & diagnostic x-ray equipment |
| When was ALARA established & by whom? | in 1954 by the NCRP |
| what kind of model does ALARA follow? | linear non-threshold model |
| Early Tissue Reactions | erythema, blood changes, epilation, acute radiation syndrome (hematopoietic, GI, & cerebrovascular syndromes) |
| late Late Tissue reactions | cataract formation, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of parenchymal cells, reduced fertility, sterility |
| stochastic (probabilistic) reactions | cancer, genetic (hereditary) effects, mutagenesis |
| irradiation of DNA of somatic cells leading to abnormalities in new cells as they divide in the individual | mutagenesis |
| non-threshold, randomly occurring biologic changes; chances of occurrence increase with each radiation exposure (cancer & genetic alterations) | stochastic effects |
| assumes that a linear non-threshold relationship exists between radiation dose and biologic response | Radiation Protection Philosophy |
| method for controlling risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public | EfD Limiting System |
| What is the EfD limiting system based on? | NRCPs recommendations |
| What is the chance a radiographer has a fatal accident over his/her entire career? | 2.5% |
| How may the limits be expressed for the EfD limiting system? | limits may be expressed for whole body exposure, partial body exposure, & exposure of individual organs |
| indicates the ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue (T) to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated | tissue weighting factor |
| what is the annual occupational EfD limit for the whole body | 50 mSv (5 rems) |
| what does the annual occupational EfD limit not include? | medical & natural background exposure |
| Lifetime EfD should not exceed: | 10 times the occupationally exposed persons age in years |
| A radiation worker’s lifetime EfD must be limited to his or her age in years times 10 mSv (do not include radiation exposure from natural background radiation or medical procedures) | cumulative EfD limit |
| What is the annual EfD limit for nonoccupationally exposed individuals | 5 mSv (0.5 rems) |
| what is the EfD limit for pregnant female radiation workers | 0.5 mSv per month (0.05 rems) for the fetus & 5.0 mSv (0.5 rems) for the worker |
| what is the EfD limit for any education & training of individuals under the age of 18 years | 1 mSv (0.1 rems) annually |
| What is the limit for the crystalline lens of the eye | 150 mSv (15 rems) |
| What is the limit for localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet | 500 mSv (50 rems) |
| what is the negligible individual dose | annual exposure of 0.01 mSv |
| personnel dosimeter readings should be below ______ of the maximum EfD limits | 1/10th |
| Concept that there exists a beneficial result to groups of people from continuing exposure to small amounts of radiation | Radiation Hormesis |
| the monitoring of equivalent dose to any person occupationally exposed on a regular basis to ionizing radiation | personal dosimetry |
| personal dosimetry is required when workers are likely to risk receiving _____ or more of the annual occupational dose limit of _______ | 10%; 50 mSv (5rem) |
| most health care facilities issue dosimeters when personnel could receive approximately ____ of their annual occupational EfD in any month or about _____ | 1%; 0.5 mSv (50 mrem) |
| purpose of personnel dosimeter | - Provides an indication of the working habits of personnel - Determines occupational exposure by measuring the quantity of radiation to which the dosimeter has been exposed - Does not protect the wearer from exposure |
| placement of personnel dosimeter when not wearing an apron? | at collar level (thyroid/head) |
| 2 dosimeters & with an apron? | the 1st primary dosimeter is to be worn outside the protective apparel at collar level & the 2nd is beneath apron on waist level |
| where is personnel dosimeter worn for pregnant diagnostic imaging personnel? | primary dosimeter worn at collar level & secondary is worn at abdominal level |
| A thermo-luminescent dosimeter (TLD) ring badge is worn as a 2nd monitor when performing radiographic procedures that require the hands to be near the primary x-ray beam | extremity dosimeter |
| characteristics of personnel dosimeters: | lightweight, durable to tolerate daily use, detect & record small & large exposures, outside influences do not affect performance, & inexpensive |
Created by:
gnteumac
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