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Genetics Big Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosome | DNA coiled up around proteins in an X-shape |
| karyotype | a picture of chromosomes lined up in size order |
| sex chromosome | X and Y chromosomes which determine gender |
| sister chromatid | identical copies of a chromosome attached to each other |
| centromere | the location where sister chromatids are attached |
| gene | a segment of DNA that codes for a protein |
| homologous chromosome | pairs of chromosomes from mom/dad with similar information |
| Down syndrome | having an extra copy of 21st chromosome. many symptoms like mental retardation and heart problems |
| Klinefelter syndrome | XXY. this results in a male with wide hips and breast development |
| gamete | a sex cell with half the normal chromosome number, like a sperm or egg |
| diploid | having 2 sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | having 1 set of chromosomes |
| meiosis | the process by which cells divide and shuffle their chromosomes to produce sperm or eggs |
| crossing over | when segments of homologous chromosomes are cut and rearranged during meiosis |
| linked genes | genes that are on the same chromosome and are usually inherited together |
| allele | different variations of a gene |
| dominant | an allele that is able to hide the expression of another allele, abbreviated with a capital letter |
| recessive | an allele that can be hidden by another allele, abbreviated with a lower-case letter |
| sex-linked | a gene located on the X-chromosome and is usually seen more often in males |
| codominant | when 2 alleles blend because neither is dominant or recessive |
| polygenic | multiple genes influence a trait and a wide variety of phenotypes are possible |
| genotype | the 2 specific alleles someone has for a trait, like Ee for brown eyes |
| phenotype | the trait someone shows, like brown eyes |
| homozygous | having two of the same alleles, like BB |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles, like Bb |
| Punnett square | allows you to predict the probability of traits in offspring based on parents alleles |
| double helix | the twisted ladder shape of DNA |
| base pair | 2 nucleotides that are attached, like A-T and G-C |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of DNA: A,T,G, and C |
| hydrogen bond | an attraction between polar molecules that holds base pairs together |
| 5' end of DNA | the end of the DNA chain with a phosphate group on it |
| DNA replication | how the original DNA double helix gets unzipped and copied into 2 new sets |
| DNA polymerase | the enzyme that copies DNA by pairing new nucleotides to the original strand |
| mutation | any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| point mutation | a mutation that switches one or more nucleotides but doesn't shift the reading frame |
| frameshift mutation | when one or more nucleotides is deleted or inserted into DNA and leads to the reading frame changing for all of the following codons |
| mRNA | single stranded copy of DNA, uses U instead of T |
| tRNA | the molecule that matches the mRNA codon with a specific amino acid |
| codon | a 3 nucleotide sequence on mRNA that corresponds to 1 amino acid |
| transcription | the process that happens in the nucleus when DNA is copied to make mRNA |
| translation | the process that happens at the ribosome when the mRNA code is used to assemble a protein |
| intron | the pieces of mRNA that get cut out and stay in the nucleus |
| exon | the pieces of mRNA that exit the nucleus and are used to build the protein |
| promoter | the region of DNA just before a gene where RNA polymerase attaches and starts copying |
| epigenetic switch | molecules attached to DNA that are able to turn genes on or off by causing the DNA to roll up or unroll |
| junk DNA | Regions of DNA that don't code for protein. This makes up about 75% of your DNA. |
| genome | All of the DNA in a single cell of an organism. This is all the info that codes for a living thing. |
| cloning | producing organisms with identical genes. in animals this is done by extracting the DNA from an adult cell and putting it into the nucleus of an egg cell. |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction. this process uses DNA polymerase, primers, and hot/cold temperatures to copy a segment of DNA billions of times. |
| restriction enzyme | an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences. BamH1 and EcoR1 are examples of this. |
| plasmid | small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria that can be used to quickly transfer modified genes to many bacteria |
| gel electrophoresis | the process used to separate fragments of DNA in size order using gel and electric current |
| primer | small segments of RNA with a specific sequence that attach at the beginning and end of a gene. these tell DNA polymerase where to start copying. |
| gene splicing | the process by which the DNA of an organism is cut and a gene from another is inserted. |
| gene drive | using a special enzyme to cut out other genes so that organisms wind up with 2 copies of the altered gene and pass it on to all their offspring |
| stem cell | undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into almost any type of cell. |
| In vitro fertilization | When eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory. The fertilized eggs can be implanted into a woman to start a pregnancy or grown in a dish to form stem cells. |
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer | When the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with the nucleus from an adult cell. This new cell can form stem cells or can be implanted into a female who will give birth to a clone of the adult. |
| Agrobacterium | This bacteria has the ability to inject a special plasmid that inserts itself into the genome of plant. This is used to genetically modify many plants. |
| Gene therapy | Using a virus to get a specific gene into the cells of an organism that needs it. The genes of the virus are removed and replaced with a desirable gene. |
| DNA sequencing | Determining the A, T, G, C sequence in a region of DNA. This technique uses chemically modified nucleotides to interrupt the copying of DNA which produces fragments with different lengths. |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Cells that have the ability to grow into several other cell types. These can be used to produce body tissues and simple organs in a laboratory. |
| DNA testing | Analyzing people's DNA to identify specific genes or non-coding markers. This could be used to find their risk of certain diseases or trace their ancestry. |
| Turner Syndrome | when a female only has 1 X chromosome. leads to no menstruation, smaller breasts, and wide neck/ shoulders. |
Created by:
buchwalder
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