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VT-Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system is broken down into what 2 main parts? | ->The Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord ->Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cordlike nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body. |
| What are neurons and what are some important facts we need to know about them? | Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system They have a high requirement for O2 (can’t live without it for more than a few minutes) Cannot reproduce but can regenerate cell processes if the cell body remains intact. |
| What are the neuron’s processes and what is their job? | Dendrites Receive stimuli from other neurons and conduct the stimuli to the cell body Axons Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or an effector cell. |
| How do we name myelinated cells? | Oligodendrocytes *In the brain & spinal cord *CNS Schwann cells *In nerves outside the brain & spinal cord *PNS |
| Explain the difference between afferent and efferent nerves. | Afferent nerve – conduct impulses toward CNS * sensory nerve – conduct sensations from sensory receptors in skin & other locations in the body to the CNS Efferent nerve – conduct impulses away from CNS *motor nerve – cause skeletal muscle movement |
| The cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes; please name them and list a function associated with each. | Occipital - Vision Parietal - Pain Temporal - Hearing/Speaking Frontal - Thought processes |
| The brain is divided into 2 __________. | Hemispheres |
| List 2 functions of the cerebellum: | Being able to walk Being able to grab things |
| What 3 structures are associated with the diencephalon? | Hypothalamus, Thalamus and Pituitary Gland. |
| Can an animal survive death of the brainstem? | NO |
| What part of the brain stem has a large influence on GI activity, HR, sleep cycles and appetite? | Medulla Oblongata |
| What is the main responsibility of the mid brain? | Relays info to the forebrain |
| If a kitten is exposed to the panleukopenia pathogen during gestation, it can cause a portion of the brain to be stunted, what is this condition called? | Cerebellar hypoplasia |
| Visceral sensations can originate in: | gastrointestinal tract urinary bladder peritoneum answer= all of the above |
| Visceral sensations respond to this type of stimulus: | Mechanical |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding the sensation of touch? | Different kinds of specific touch and pressure receptors produce sensations of light contact, deep pressure, vibration, or hair movement. |
| Core temperature receptors are located in the: | hypothalamus |
| Modulation of sensory nerve impulses that eventually lead to pain occurs in the: | dorsal horns of the spinal cord |
| Nociceptors are not found in this organ: | brain |
| Taste buds are found here: | on the tongue and in the lining of the mouth and throat |
| Most of the structures responsible for hearing are housed in this bone: | temporal |
| The eardrum is known as the: | tympanic membrane |
| This helps to restrict movements of the stapes by loud sounds. | stapedius |
| The slit-like opening of the Eustachian tube is located here: | pharynx |
| This structure acts as a pressure relief mechanism by alternately bulging in and out as the fluid moves back and forth in the cochlea. | round window |
| Explain the difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. | Somatic nervous system – actions are under conscious, or voluntary control. Autonomic nervous system – controls and coordinates automatic functions |
| What is the resting state of a neuron? How is it maintained? | Resting State – is when a neuron is not being stimulated (still has to maintain its resting state) Maintained by the sodium potassium pump. |
| Sodium Potassium pump a. What is it? b. What ions does it deal with, and where are they when the neuron is maintaining a resting state? | A. Specialized molecules located in the neuron’s cell membrane B. Pump sodium (Na+) from the inside of the neuron to the outside and pump potassium (K+) from the outside to the inside. Resting state – K+ inside cell, Na+ outside cell |
| What is depolarization? | Neuron receives external stimulus Sodium channel opens on neuron cell membrane Sodium ions flow into the cell by passive diffusion |
| What is an action potential? | During depolarization, the inside of the neuron goes from a negatively charged resting membrane potential to a positive charge due to inflow of sodium ions. |
| What is repolarization? | Sodium channel closes K+ channel opens K+ diffuses out of the cell |
| What is a threshold stimulus? | Stimulus must be sufficient to make the neuron respond and cause complete depolarization. |
| When referring to a neuron what is the “all-or-nothing” principle? | Neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or not at all. |
| What is the refractory period of a neuron and what does this mean? | Refractory period – time period during which a neuron is insensitive to additional stimuli Cell is still in depolarization/early repolarization (cannot start another cycle until first one is complete) |
| What is the absolute refractory period? | Absolute refractory period – during sodium influx and early potassium outflow |
| What is the relative refractory period? | Relative refractory period – during end of the repolarization period |
| Define Synapse | Junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell |
| Define Synaptic cleft/space | Physical gap between adjacent neurons |
| Define Presynaptic neuron | Neuron bringing the depolarization wave to the synapse |
| Define postsynaptic neuron | Contains receptors for the neurotransmitter |
| What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters? | Excitatory Inhibitory |
| What would happen if the neurotransmitter released was not able to be removed or absorbed? | If the neurotransmitters were left in the synapse or on the postsynaptic receptor the neuron would either continue to be excited or continue to be inhibited. |
| How has the body developed a way to prevent this from happening? | To avoid this affect the body must have a way of stopping the effect of the neurotransmitter Specialized enzymes allow the body to breakdown and recycle those neurotransmitters so that the body can prepare for the next time they are needed. |
Created by:
wonkywhiskers165123
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