Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Key Terms Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| afferent | Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS (root fer means “to carry”) |
| arachnoid mater | The middle layer of the meninges (from the Greek word for spider, because this tissue resembles a spider web) |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system |
| axon | The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body |
| brain | The nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum (root: encephal/o) |
| brainstem | The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture (cerebellum means “little brain”) (root: cerebell/o) |
| cerebral cortex | The cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter (the cortex is the outer region of an organ) (root: cortic/o) |
| cerebrum | The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure (root: cerebr/o) |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection |
| cranial nerves | The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain |
| dendrite | A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body |
| diencephalon | The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem |
| dura mater | The strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges |
| efferent | Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS (root fer means “to carry”) |
| ganglion | A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (plural: ganglia) (roots: gangli/o, ganglion/o) |
| gray matter | Unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system |
| gyrus | A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum (plural: gyri) |
| hypothalamus | A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, produces hormones, and is active in maintaining homeostasis |
| interneuron | Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS |
| medulla oblongata | The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; it has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure (root: medull/o); often called simply medulla |
| meninges | The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular: meninx) (roots: mening/o, meninge/o) |
| midbrain | The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing |
| motor | Producing movement; describes efferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS |
| myelin | A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system |
| neuroglia | The support cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells (from glia meaning “glue”) (root: gli/o) |
| neuron | The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell |
| neurotransmitter | A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse; examples are norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin), acetylcholine (ah-se-til-KO-lene), serotonin (ser-o-TO-nin), and dopamine (DO-pah-mene) |
| nerve | A bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS (root: neur/o) |
| parasympathetic nervous system | The part of the autonomic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis; it slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS |
| pia mater | The innermost layer of the meninges |
| pons | A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect brain regions (adjective: pontine [PON-tene]) |
| reflex | A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus |
| root | The fundamental unit of a word. A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord; the dorsal (posterior) root joins the spinal cord’s dorsal gray horn; the ventral (anterior) root joins the spinal cord’s ventral gray horn (root: radicul/o) |
| sensory | Pertaining to the senses or sensation; describing afferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS |
| somatic nervous system | The division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles |
| spinal cord | The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra (root: myel/o) |
| spinal nerves | The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord |
| sulcus | A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum (plural: sulci) |
| sympathetic nervous system | The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles |
| synapse | The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland |
| thalamus | The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex (root: thalam/o) |
| tract | A bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS |
| ventricle | A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is formed. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart (root: ventricul/o) |
| visceral nervous system | The autonomic nervous system |
| white matter | Myelinated tissue of the nervous system |
| Alzheimer disease (AD) | A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia |
| amyloid | A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases |
| aneurysm | A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall, usually of an artery; may eventually burst |
| anxiety | A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread |
| aphasia | Specifically, loss or defect in speech communication (from Greek phasis, meaning “speech”); in practice, the term is applied more broadly to a range of language disorders |
| astrocytoma | A neuroglial tumor composed of astrocytes |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity |
| autism | A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection, preoccupations, stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change (from auto-, “self,” and -ism, “condition of”) |
| autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | A disability that falls within a range of neurodevelopmental impairments that appears early in life and affects social interactions and communications skills |
| bipolar disorder | A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness |
| carotid endarterectomy | Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain |
| cerebral angiography | Radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium |
| cerebral contusion | A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke |
| coma | State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused |
| concussion | Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a brain concussion usually results in loss of consciousness |
| confusion | A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli |
| contrecoup injury | Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain hitting the skull (from French, meaning “counterblow”) |
| convulsion | A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions; a tonic convulsion involves prolonged muscle contraction; in a clonic convulsion, there is alternation of contraction and relaxation; both forms appear in grand mal epilepsy |
| delusion | A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience |
| dementia | A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function |
| depression | A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities |
| dysthymia | A mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a serious life event (from dys- and Greek thymos, meaning “mind, emotion”) |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electric activity |
| embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation |
| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain |
| epidural hematoma | Accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura mater and the skull) |
| epilepsy | A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures |
| glioma | A tumor of neuroglial cells |
| hallucination | A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli |
| hemiparesis | Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body |
| hemiplegia | Paralysis of one side of the body |
| hydrocephalus | Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow; may be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality |
| insomnia | Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep |
| l-dopa | A drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism; levodopa |
| lumbar puncture | Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia; spinal tap |
| mania | A state of elation, which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity (adjective: manic) |
| meningioma | Tumor of the meninges |
| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges |
| multi-infarct dementia (MID) | Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply) as a result of multiple small strokes; there is progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and judgment as well as altered motor and sensory function |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS |
| narcolepsy | Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day |
| neurilemmoma | A tumor of a peripheral nerve sheath (neurilemma); schwannoma |
| obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) | A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety |
| panic disorder | A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear |
| paralysis | Temporary or permanent loss of function; flaccid paralysis involves loss of muscle tone and reflexes and muscular degeneration; spastic paralysis involves excess muscle tone and reflexes but no degeneration |
| paranoia | A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm |
| parkinsonism | A disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia (nuclei) and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face; also called Parkinson disease |
| phobia | An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation |
| polysomnography | Simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders |
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, and warfare |
| psychosis | A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations |
| schizophrenia | A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior (schizo means “split,” and phren/o means “mind”) |
| seizure | A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy; the most common forms of seizure are tonic–clonic, or grand mal (gran mal) (from French, meaning “great illness”); absence seizure, or petit mal (pet-E mal), meaning “small illness”; and psychomotor seizure |
| shingles | An acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small lesions on the skin; caused by reactivation of the virus that also causes chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus); also called herpes zoster (HER-peze ZOS-ter) |
| sleep apnea | Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep |
| stroke | Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue |
| subdural hematoma | Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater |
| thrombosis | Development of a blood clot within a vessel |
| tremor | A shaking or involuntary movement |
Created by:
ghostofpima
Popular Medical sets