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Praxis Studyguide
Middle School Science notes from lulu
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology | branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes |
| Physics | a science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions |
| Chemistry | a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo |
| Geology | a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life especially as recorded in rocks or a study of the solid matter of a celestial body (i.e. moon) |
| Astronomy | study of objects and matter outside the earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties |
| Ecology | a branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environments |
| Oceanography | a science that deals with the oceans and includes the delimitation of their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources |
| Aerodynamics | study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created |
| anatomy | study of the structure and organization of living things |
| Anthropology | study of human cultures both past and present |
| Archaeology | study of the material remains of cultures |
| Astrophysics | study of the physics of the universe |
| Bacteriology | study of bacteria in relation to disease |
| Biochemistry | study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms |
| Biophysics | application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology |
| Botany | scientific study of plant life |
| Chemical Engineering | application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms |
| Chemistry | science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself |
| Climatology | study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes |
| Computer Science | systematic study of computing systems and computation |
| Electronics | science and technology of electronic phenomena |
| Engineering | practical application of science to commerce or industry |
| Entomology | study of insects |
| Environmental Science | science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment |
| Forestry | science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources |
| Genetics | science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms |
| Geology | the science of the Earth, its structure, and history |
| Marine Biology | study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems |
| Mathematics | science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement |
| Medicine | science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease |
| Meteorology | study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting |
| Microbiology | study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes |
| Mineralogy | study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals |
| Molecular Biology | study of biology at a molecular level |
| Nuclear Physics | branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom |
| Neurology | branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders |
| Oceanography | study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes |
| Organic Chemistry | branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds |
| Ornithology | study of birds |
| Paleontology | study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods |
| Petrology | geological and chemical study of rocks |
| Physics | study of the behavior and properties of matter |
| Physiology | study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms |
| Radiology | branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes |
| Seismology | study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth |
| Taxonomy | science of classification of animals and plants |
| Thermodynamics | physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes |
| Zoology | study of animals |
| Kilo | 1,000 multiples |
| hecto | 100 multiples |
| deca | 10 multiples |
| deci | 0.1 multiples |
| centi | 0.01 multiples |
| milli | 0.001 multiples |
| 1 x 10^2 | Scientific notation for 100 (1 times 2 tens) |
| 5.7 x 10^6 | Scientific notation for 5,700,000 |
| 6.5 x 10^-3 | Scientific notation for 0.0065 |
| One chain | 22 yards |
| 10 chains | 1 furlong |
| 8 furlongs | 1 mile |
| 9 square feet | 1 square yard |
| 4840 square yards | 1 acre |
| 640 acres | 1 square mile |
| 100 hectares | 1 square kilometer |
| 100 square meters | 1 are |
| 100 ares | 1 hectare |
| 10,000 square centimeters | 1 square meter |
| 100 square millimeters | 1 square centimeter |
| One ton | 1,000 kg |
| 16 oz | 1 pound |
| Rust | Common chemical change where the reactants oxygen and ion combine to produce iron oxide |
| Isaac Newton | The Newtonian Revolution |
| Albert Einstein | Twentieth-Century Science |
| Neils Bohr | the Atom |
| Charles Darwin | Evolution |
| Louis Pasteur | the Germ Theory of Disease |
| Sigmund Freud | Psychology of the Unconscious, Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism) |
| Galileo | Galilei the New Science |
| Antoine Laurent Lavoisier | the Revolution in Chemistry |
| Johannes Kepler | Motion of the planets |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | the Heliocentric Universe |
| Michael Faraday | the Classical Field Theory |
| James Clerk Maxwell | the Electromagnetic Field |
| Claude Bernard | the Founding of Modern Physiology |
| Franz Boas | Modern Anthropology |
| Werner Heisenberg | Quantum Theory |
| Linus Pauling | Twentieth-Century Chemistry |
| Rudolf Virchow | the Cell Doctrine |
| Ernest Rutherford | the Structure of the Atom |
| Paul Dirac | Quantum Electrodynamics |
| Andreas Vesalius | the New Anatomy |
| Tycho Brahe | the New Astronomy |
| Comte de Buffon | l'Histoire Naturelle |
| Ludwig Boltzmann | Thermodynamics |
| Max Planck | the Quanta |
| Erwin Schrodinger | Wave Mechanics |
| Marie Curie | Radioactivity |
| William Herschel | the Discovery of the Heavens |
| Charles Lyell | Modern Geology |
| Pierre Simon de Laplace | Newtonian Mechanics |
| Edwin Hubble | Modern Telescope |
| Joseph J. Thomson | Discovery of the Electron |
| Max Born | Quantum Mechanics |
| Francis Crick | Molecular Biology |
| Enrico Fermi | Atomic Physics |
| Leonard Euler | Eighteenth-Century Mathematics |
| Justus Liebig | Nineteenth-Century Chemistry |
| Arthur Eddington | Modern Astronomy |
| William Harvey | Circulation of the Blood |
| Marcello Malpighi | Microscopic Anatomy |
| Christiaan Huygens | the Wave Theory of Light |
| Albrecht von Haller | Eighteenth-Century Medicine |
| August Kekule | Chemical Structure |
| Robert Koch | Bacteriology |
| Murray Gell-Mann | the Eightfold Way |
| Emil Fischer | Organic Chemistry |
| Dmitri Mendeleev | Periodic Table of Elements |
| Sheldon Glashow | Discovery of Charm |
| James Watson | Structure of DNA |
| John Bardeen | Superconductivity |
| John von Neumann | Modern Computer |
| Richard Feynman | Quantum Electrodynamics |
| Alfred Wegener | Continental Drift |
| Stephen Hawking | Quantum Cosmology |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | the Simple Microscope |
| Max von Laue | X-ray Crystallography |
| Gustav Kirchhoff | Spectroscopy |
| Hans Bethe | the Energy of the Sun |
| Euclid | the Foundations of Mathematics |
| Gregor Mendel | the Laws of Inheritance |
| Heike Kamerlingh | Onnes Superconductivity |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan | the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity |
| Hermann von Helmholtz | the Rise of German Science |
| Paul Ehrlich | Chemotherapy |
| Ernst Mayr | Evolutionary Theory |
| Charles Sherrington | Neurophysiology |
| Theodosius Dobzhansky | the Modern Synthesis |
| Max Delbruck | the Bacteriophage |
| Jean Lamarck | the Foundations of Biology |
| William Bayliss | Modern Physiology |
| Noam Chomsky | Twentieth-Century Linguistics |
| Frederick Sanger | the Genetic Code |
| Lucretius | Scientific Thinking |
| John Dalton | the Theory of the Atom |
| Louis Victor de Broglie | Wave/Particle Duality |
| Carl Linnaeu | the Binomial Nomenclature |
| Jean Piaget | Child Development |
| George Gaylord Simpson | the Tempo of Evolution |
| Claude Levi-Strauss | Structural Anthropology |
| Lynn Margulis | Symbiosis Theory |
| Karl Landsteiner | the Blood Groups |
| Konrad Lorenz | Ethology |
| Edward O. Wilson | Sociobiology |
| Frederick Gowland Hopkins | Vitamins |
| Gertrude Belle Elion | Pharmacology |
| Hans Selye | the Stress Concept |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer | the Atomic Era |
| Edward Teller | the Bomb |
| Willard Libby | Radioactive Dating |
| Ernst Haeckel | the Biogenetic Principle |
| Jonas Salk | Vaccination |
| Emil Kraepelin | Twentieth-Century Psychiatry |
| Trofim Lysenko | Soviet Genetics |
| Francis Galton | Eugenics |
| Alfred Binet | the I.Q. Test |
| Alfred Kinsey | Human Sexuality |
| Alexander Fleming | Penicillin |
| B. F. Skinner | Behaviorism |
| Wilhelm Wundt | the Founding of Psychology |
| Archimedes | the Beginning of Science |
| Oxygen | 46% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Silicon | 28% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Aluminum | 8% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Iron | 5% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Calcium | 4% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Sodium | 2% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Magnesium | 2% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Potassium | 2% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Titanium | .5% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Hydrogen | .14% of abundance in the Earth's Crust |
| Nitrogen | 78% of abundance in the Earth's Atmosphere |
| Oxygen | 20% of abundance in the Earth's Atmosphere |
| Argon | 1% of abundance in the Earth's Atmosphere |
| Carbon Dioxide | .03% of abundance in the Earth's Atmosphere |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change its form. The total quantity of matter and energy available in the universe is a constant fixed amount |
| Kinetic Energy | Kinetic Energy exists whenever an object which has mass is in motion with some velocity. Everything you see moving about haskinetic energy. |
| Potential energy | also called gravitational potential energy |
| Heat | kinetic energy of random molecular motion |
| Temperature | measure of the degree of hot or coldness of an object. NOT energy |
| Temperature | is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. If measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. |
| Heat | measurement of the total energy in a substance. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules |
| Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin | Three measures of heat |
| Kelvin | Measurement of temperature most often used in astronomy |
| Fahrenheit | US measurement of temperature |
| Celsius | Metric measurement of temperature used in US science research and areas using the metric system |
| conduction | Process where an object touching another object becomes hot |
| Convection | the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion |
| thermal energy | kinetic energy of the random movement of atoms and molecules. |
| Nuclear fusion | This increases the sun's thermal energy |
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy and matter are interchangable but cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in the whole universe remains constant, only changing from one form to another. |
| Second Law of thermodynamics | states that any system always tends to move toward its probable state of energy. Most misunderstood law |
| Second law of the thermodynamics (example) | For example, a spring watch will run until the potential energy in the spring is used up. If no new energy is input into it (in the form of winding the spring up) then it has returned to its most probable state, which is really not to run. |
| Third Law of Thermodynamics | entropy of atoms and molecules at absolute zero is zero. |
| Temperature in Celsius | (F-32)/1.8= |
| Temperature in Kelvin | C+273.5= |
| Temperature in Farenheit | (9/5)K-459.67= |
| Game rules of thermodynamics | 1) You cannot earn winings 2) You cannot break even 3) You cannot quit |
| Deposition | change from a gas directly to a solid |
| Sublimation | change from a solid directly to a gas |
| entropy | measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the system's disorder, that is a property of the system's state |
| entropy | varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and inversely with the temperature of the system, the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system |
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