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Chapter 7
The Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| glucocorticoids | steroid hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have anti-inflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant |
| catecholamines | hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
| epinephrine/adrelaline | hormone that is secreted in response to fear or physical injury |
| metabolism | all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other functions |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | hormone that stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
| CSII | continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
| DKA | diabetic ketoacidosis |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test |
| HbAlc | glycosylated hemoglobin/glycohemoglobin |
| T3 | triiodothyronine |
| T4 | thyroxine |
| Cushing Syndrome | a collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (b/c of tumor) or as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones |
| Cushing Syndrome symptoms | upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin w/stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis |
| adrenal virilism | excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgens (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia (tissue enlargement); evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) acne, hirsutism, deep voice |
| Graves Disease | the most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate overproduction of thyroid hormone, exophthalmos is a featured characteristic. |
| myxedema | advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin |
| glycosylated hemoglobin/glycohemoglobin/HbAlc | a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar (glucose) |
| electrolyte panel | measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium & chloride) along with CO2 (indirect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water balance (hydration) as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity |
| thyroid function study | measurements of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determinate efficiency of glandular secretions such as T3, T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone |
| urine sugar and ketone studies | chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes |
| computed tomography (CT) | CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal view) of the pituitary gland |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | hormone that initiates the growth of ovarian follicle. Stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and production of sperm in males |
| sonography | sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound. |
| thyroid uptake and image | radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors |
| lytos | soluble |
| lact | milk |
| norepinephrine | hormone that is secreted in response to hypotension (low blood pressure) and physical stress |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | secreted by the parathyroid glands; hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| endocrine system | made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers) directly into the bloodstream |
| pituitary gland / hypophysis | considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles |
| anterior pituitary gland /adenohypophysis | secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PL) |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | hormone that initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | hormone that causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes |
| ketosis / ketoacidosis / diabetic ketoacidosis | presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine, indicating an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Magnetic response imaging (MRI) | nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid |
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