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Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| blast/o | germ or bud |
| chyl/o | juice |
| blood | circulating tissue of the body consisting of fluid with formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) suspended in the blood |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) |
| serum | liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting |
| red blood cells / erythrocyte | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| hemoglobin | the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| (PMN) polymorphonuclear leukocyte | another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus |
| basophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues; normal range in stained blood smear: 0-1% |
| eosinophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions; normal range in stained blood smear: 1-3% |
| monocyte | an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection; normal range in stained blood smear:3-7% |
| lymphocyte | an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus) B cells (bone marrow) and natural killer cells; normal range in stained blood smear:25-33% |
| platelets / thrombocytes | cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation) |
| lymphatic system | consist of lymph vessels, nodes, and tissues through which lymph drains into the blood |
| thymus | primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes |
| spleen | organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune response |
| lymph | fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels |
| lymph capillaries | microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels |
| lymph vessels / lymphatic vessels | vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it in to the lymph nodes |
| lacteals | specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream |
| chyle | white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals |
| lymph nodes | many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include, cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions |
| lymph ducts | collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins |
| thoracic duct | receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities |
| anisocytosis | presence of red blood cells of unequal size |
| poikilocytosis | presence of large irregularly shaped red blood cells |
| reticulocytosis | an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood |
| pancytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood |
| immunosuppression | impaired ability to provide an immune response |
| aplastic anemia | a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| iron deficiency anemia | a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin |
| pernicious anemia | a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus. |
| Rh factor | the antigen on the surface of the red blood cells on the Rh blood group system; its presence can cause a reaction between Rh positive and Rh negative blood |
| hemochromatosis | heredity disorder with an excessive buildup or iron deposits in the body |
| hemophilia | a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood |
| leukemia | chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow |
| myelodysplasia | disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia |
| lymphoma | any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease |
| polycythemia | increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood |
| CD4 cell count | a measure of the number of cluster of differentiation cells in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and the treatment of AIDS; normal range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | a timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma |
| prothrombin | protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process |
| prothrombin time (PT) | test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood |
| thromboplastin | substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders |
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ccunliffe1
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