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History SG 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Imperialism? | A policy of extending a country's power and influence over smaller/less powerful states through economics, diplomacy or military force. |
| What are the primary reasons for American Imperialism? (1/3) | Global competition for foreign markets – The growth of industrialization demanded more natural resources (raw materials) and new markets to sell American products. |
| What are the primary reasons for American Imperialism? (2/3) | Expanded navy – An expanded naval fleet and overseas ports were also believed to be essential to economic prosperity and security of the nation. |
| What are the primary reasons for American Imperialism? (3/3) | Sense of cultural superiority – The belief in “manifest destiny,” first used to defend westward expansion, was now used to argue that the U.S. had a right and duty to extend its influence and civilization. |
| What is a Tariff? | A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. |
| America wanted to take over _______ in 1898. Why? | -Hawaii -American sugar planters (ancestors of Christian missionaries) wanted to annex Hawaii to so their sugar could be sold in the U.S. tariff free. The U.S. had already had built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 adding to the value of the islands. |
| What was the Spanish American War? What did it end with? | -U.S. supports Cuba declaring its independence from Spain (90 miles from the U.S. + a lot of U.S. business investments in Cuba) -Ended with the Treaty of Paris |
| What was annexed in the Pacific along with Hawaii? (1/2) | The Philippines – Annexed by the U.S. after the war. Filipino rebels fought against U.S. colonial rulers until they were defeated in 1902. |
| What was annexed in the Pacific along with Hawaii? (2/2) | Guam – received as part of the peace treaty, becomes an important port-of-call for American ships crossing the Pacific |
| Europeans had carved China up into "_______ ____ ______" (areas where they enjoyed special privileges). | China – Europeans had carved China up into “spheres of influence” (areas where they enjoyed special privileges) |
| Secretary of State _____ ______ feared American trade would be shout out of ______. As a result, he introduced the _______ ________ _______. | Secretary of State John Hay feared American trade would be shut out of China. Open Door Policy – designed by Hay and was the United State policy belief that everyone should have equal trade rights with China. |
| How does President Wilson define neutrality? | He states it’s, “...the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned.” |
| Wilson is worried about those in the United States who would “excite passion” about the war. Why is he concerned? What warning does he offer? | He’s concerned that what the American people say about the war could impact the results or the United State’s involvement in the war. He warns that it could cause division among the people. |
| How does Wilson appeal to American patriotism in the speech? What does Wilson ask his “fellow countrymen” to do? | To be neutral when it comes to supporting countries in the war. |
| Wilson called the United States “the one great nation at peace.” What does he hope to accomplish by staying out of the war? | To keep the U.S. united and to not choose allies among the other countries. |
| Although Wilson is speaking to Congress, who is his real audience? | The United States as a whole and anyone who has a voice. |
| What is Bryan’s proposal to Wilson? What was the outcome? | The United States shouldn’t give any loans to any country in order to keep neutrality. Bryan was unsuccessful in banning loans to the warring nations, and resigned in protest. |
| Why does he call money “the worst of all contraband's”? | Because the U.S.’s choice to stop giving out loans can affect everything else, including the prevention of wars |
| What role does he think that money will play in U.S. foreign policy unless his recommendations are followed? | The United States would become divided and each would make their own groups to loan money to the country they favor. The newspapers would also become bias by those in the government who choose sides. |
| How is Lansing’s position different from Bryan’s? | Lansing believes that giving out government loans is also a way for the United States to prevent us from falling into financial trouble. |
| What does he say has changed in terms of popular sympathy for the war? | “Popular sympathy has become crystallized in favor of one or another of the belligerents (those involved in war) to such an extent that the purchase of bonds would in no way increase the bitterness of partisanship or cause a possibly serious situation.” |
| What national interests does he say are “seriously threatened” by discouraging loans to “belligerents”? | The U.S.’s economic situation and the trade between other countries. |
| What was the Plains War/Sioux War? | Plains Wars, series of conflicts from the early 1850s through the late 1870s between Native Americans and the United States, along with its Indian allies, over control of the Great Plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. |
| What was the Battle of Little Bighorn/Custer’s Last Stand? | When Colonel Custer and his troops reached Little Bighorn River, the Native Americans had already been waiting there. Within an hour, George A. Custer and all of his troops were dead. |
| What happened at the Battle of Wounded Knee? (1/2) | The Seventh Calvary rounded up roughly 350 freezing and starved Sioux and took them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The day after, the soldiers ordered that the Native Americans give up their weapons. |
| What happened at the Battle of Wounded Knee? (2/2) | Once a shot (not known from which side it originated) was fired, the soldiers opened fire with deadly cannons. Within a few minutes, nearly 300 Native Americans were killed. |
| What is the assimilation of Native Americans? | A plan in which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of white culture. |
| What was the Homestead Act? | The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain, typically called a homestead. |
| What was the Dawes Act? | Broke up the reservations and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans to farm. |
| What is the Reservation System? | The Indian reservation system established tracts of land called reservations for Native Americans to live on as white settlers took over their land. ... But many Native Americans were forced onto reservations with catastrophic results. |
| What are Wilson's 14 points? (Points 1-4) | 1.) Open Treaties 2.) Freedom of the Seas 3.) Tariffs lowered or abolished to encourage free trade 4.) Arm Reduction |
| What are Wilson's 14 points? (Points 5-14) | 5.) Consideration of the interest of colonial peoples 6-13.) Boundary changes and self-determination of ethnic/national groups 14.) Establish a League of Nations |
| What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany? | -Demilitirazation -$33 billion in reparations -War guilt clauses (take blame) -Return of Alsace Lorraine to France |
| What were the weaknesses of the treaty? | Humiliated Germany, set Germans against the treaty, set reparations Germany couldn't pay for, ignored sacrifices & desires of Russia, stripped Germany of colonies it need to pay reparations & ignored the claims of colonized peoples for self-determination |
| Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty? What was H. Cabot? | -Suspicious of the provision for joint action against aggression -Wanted the treaty to declare the constitutional right of congress to declare war -Cabot= senate majority leader |
| How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty? | -Chose an American delegation that failed to include enough Republicans and Senators -Refuse to compromise w/Lodge, who controlled the Senate |
| What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler? | -Political instability and violence -Resentment over Germany treatment by the Allies |
| What was the conflict in Cuba? | Gains “independence” after the Spanish American War, Cubans were forced to agree to terms allowing the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs at any time. |
| Why did America want a canal? What was the main canal they wanted called? | -The U.S. needed easier access by water between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The most likely way to achieve this was by building a canal in Central America. -Panama Canal |
| What was the U.S.S. Maine? How did it effect the United States? | President McKinley order the USS Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American property. On February 15, 1989, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana. Over 260 men were killed. |
| What land was acquired through the Spanish War? | Phillipinnes, Puerto Rico and Guam |
| How did the U.S.S Maine effect the United States? | The newspapers and government officials blamed the Spanish for the accident. |
| What was the conflict of Cuba? | Gains “independence” after the Spanish American War, Cubans were forced to agree to terms allowing the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs at any time. |
| What are the causes of WW1? | M- Militarism A- Alliances N- Nationalism I- Imperialism A- Assassination (Ferdinand) |
| Who was Archduke Ferdinand? | Heir to the Austrian throne, Ferdinand was assassinated. Because of it, Austria-Hungary declared a war against Serbia. |
| What was the Lusitania? | The sinking of Lusitania in 191 killed more than a 1,000 passengers (128 Americans). The ship was carrying munitions. Not an American ship, but had American people on it. |
| What was trench warfare? | Where armies fought for yards of ground. They lived in trenches. |
| What was the League of Nations? | Provided a forum for nations to discuss and settle their differences without having to resort to war. |
| What was the Treaty of Versailles? | Established 9 new nations. It also changed the boundaries of other nations. The treaty barred Germany from having a military, made them pay for reparations, and they had to return land to France. |
| What did post WW1 treaties do? (EXTRA) Give two examples | Limited territorial expansion -Washington Naval Conference -Kellogg-Briand Pact |
| What is the Washington Naval Conference? | In 1921 the leading world powers agreed to limit the size of their navies (an arms limitation treaty) |
| What is the Kellogg-Briand Pact? | Drafted in 1928 to outlaw the use of war as "an instrument of national policy". Essentially saying countries could only fight wars for defensive purposes. |
| Who were the Allies? Who were the Central Powers? | Allies= France, Russia, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan. The US started in 1917, and Russia (called the Soviet Union) dropped out before the war was over. Central Powers= Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria |
| What was the Unrestricted Submarine Warfare? | A British blockade prevented food and arms from being shipped to Germany (aimed at starving Germany out of the war) |
| German _-boats (also known as _________) are used to what? | U-boats Submarines They were used to sink merchant ships delivering goods to Great Britain |
| Sinking of the ________ in 1915 killing more than 1,000 passengers (including ___ Americans). The ship was carrying munitions for the British war effort. | Lusitania; 128 |
| __________ ___ _____ _____ was the right of neutral nations like the U.S. to ship non-military goods to nations at war. | Freedoms of the Seas |
| The _________ _________ promises not to sink boats without warning. | Sussex Pledge |
| __________ was a Thingggg from Germany to its ambassador in Mexico and intercepted by the British. | Zimmerman; telegram |
| The Zimmerman telegram encouraged Mexico to ______ __ __ ___ ____ to regain the lost territories of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. | Declare war on the U.S. |
| The _________ ________ Act- the act required men to register witht he government in order to be randomly selected for _______ _______. 3 million men would be _______ during WW1. | -Selective Service -Military Service -Drafted |
| What was a conscientious objector? | A person who oppose warfare on moral grounds |
| What was the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)? | It was made up of American soldiers sent over to fight in Europe. Will help break the stalemate that leads to a victory for the allies. |
| What did General John Pershing do? | commanded the AEF and refused to allow other allied nations to use American soldiers as reinforcements within foreign armies. Instead Pershing urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force, under American command. |
| __________- the nickname given to American servicemen sent to fight in WW1 based on their "appearance". | Doughboys |
| What was the Return to Isolation? | With the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles, refusal to join the League of Nations, enactment of higher tarriffs and new immigration restrictions were all signs of America's choice to turn inward. |
| What was Washington's Naval Conference? | In 1921, the leading world powers agreed to limit the size of their navies (this is an arm limitation treaty). |
| What important thing do you need to know about the 1918 Influenza? | A disease that killed more soldiers than the battles did. |
| What is a tarriff? | A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. |
| What transportation device increased after WW1? What were 2 consequences? | -Automobiles -Traffic congestion and increased demand for gasoline |
| What is the Big Stick Diplomacy? | Refers to President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." It’s the policy of carefully mediated negotiation ("speaking softly") supported by the unspoken threat of a powerful military |
| What is Nationalism? | exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations |
| What was the Quota System? | A system in which immigrants had to go through an inspection process before entering the U.S. Those who didn’t meet health or legal criteria weren’t let in and were sent home. |
| Why did the U.S. join WW1? | The U.S. joined in order to prevent the Germans from threatening U.S. ships. |
| The policy that kept the United States of of the war for three years was called... | -Neutrality Woodrow Wilson announced the United States would remain neutral when it came to WW1. He stated that since American land nor people were being affected, they didn’t need to join. However, the economic and trade factors made it difficult. |
| Who were the Bolsheviks? | A group that overthrew the provisional government and set up a communist state. The new government pulled out the Russian army from the eastern front and signed a peace agreement with the Central Powers. |
| What reasons did Senators give for opposing U.S. membership in the League of Nations? | It would drag the United States into European conflicts. |
| In the Battle of Somme, this resulted in the exchange of seven miles of territory at the cost of 1.2 million causalities. | Trench Warfare |
| Why was the Treaty of Versailles and proposal to join the League of Nations rejected in the United States? | The treaty never gained the necessary 2/3 support from the Senate. |
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