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Consists of the brain and spinal cord
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Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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PATHO TEST 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Neurons that carry signal towards the CNS | Afferent neurons |
| Neurons that carry signal away from the CNS | Efferent neurons |
| System that supplies striated skeletal muscles | Somatic |
| System that supplies smooth, cardiac, and glandular epithelial tissue | Autonomic |
| Inner surface attaching to brain and spinal cord | Pia mater |
| Delicate cobweb like membrane | Arachnoid membrane |
| Tough outermost covering | Dura Mater |
| what is the basic unit of the nervous system | neuron |
| What is the axon insulated by? | Myelin sheath |
| what is the conduction route? | reflex arch |
| What is a synapse? | how impulses travel through |
| Best modality to evaluate the nervous system? | MRI |
| the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word | aphasia |
| lowered level of consciousness | lethargy |
| painful condition of the nerves | neuropathy |
| paralysis on one side of the body | hemiplegia |
| weakness on one side of the body | hemiparesis |
| difficulty speaking | dysarthria |
| altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure | postictal |
| protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| nerve cells | neurons |
| a concentration of nerve cell bodies | gray matter |
| axons connecting different parts of gray | white matter |
| Acute inflammation of the pia mater & arachnoid; bacterial and viral, treated with immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by specific antibiotics based of culture results | Meningitis |
| Which meningitis is more common and more dangerous? | bacterial |
| Viral inflammation of the brain & meninges (30% happen in children) that produce HA, fever, seizures, and even coma; treated with brain biopsy | Encephalitis |
| Most common primary malignant brain tumor, consists of glial cells (supportive connective tissue); is spread by direct extension & can cross hemispheres; peak age of 30+ | Glioma |
| Type of glioma that is the most common (70%); also is slow growing | Astrocyte |
| Type of glioma that arises from the 4th ventricle in children & lateral ventricles in adults which originates from ventricle or spine cord lining | Ependymomas |
| Type of glioma that is a slow growing lesion that arise in the cerebrum; originates from cells that produce myelin | Oligodendrocytes |
| A common type of a rapidly growing pineal tumors include germinomas and ______ which is a hypodense mass with internal calcifications; occurs in males younger than 25 | Teratoma |
| Caused by acute ARTERIAL bleeding and most commonly form over the parieto-temporal convexity (blood between dura mater and skull) | epidural hematoma |
| Reflect VENOUS bleeding; most commonly from ruptured veins between dura and meninges | subdural hematoma |
| Injury to surface veins or cortical arteries bleeding into the ventricles beneath the arachnoid layer of meninges | subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| The sudden & dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit; most commonly involves the circulation of the internal carotid arteries | stroke syndrome |
| What is the time frame to administer fibrinolytic agents to effectively decrease risk of permanent neurologic deficit after a stroke? | 2-3 hours |
| Embolic stroke originating from arteriosclerotic ulcerated plaque; focal neurological deficits completely resolve within 24 hours | Transient Ischemic Stroke (TIA) |
| What is a major cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage? | rupture of a berry aneurysm |
| A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age (before 60) then the senile period (60 & older) | Alzheimer's Disease |
| Atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen; inherited condition that predominately involves men & appears in the early to middle adult years as dementia & continuous involuntary rapid, jerky movements | Huntington's Disease |
| A progressive degenerative disease (of basal ganglia) characterized by stooped posture, stiffness, & slowness, fixed facial expression & involuntary rhythmic tremor of the limbs that disappears with voluntary movement; usually occur in those 40 and older | Parkinson's Disease |
| Which 2 famous people had Parkinson's? | Muhammad Ali & Michael J. Fox |
| Degeneration of cerebellum; may represent an inherited disorder, a degenerative disease or the toxic effect of prolonged use of alcohol and phenytoin | cerebellar atrophy |
| A relentlessly progressive condition of unknown cause with widespread selective atrophy and loss of motor nerve cells leading to extensive paralysis & death from respiratory weakness or aspiration pneumonia | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis commonly known as? | Lou Gehrig's Disease |
| Dilation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure | Hydrocephalus |
| What is commonly used to treat hydrocephalus? | shunt placement |
| What 2 famous people had ALS? | Stephen Hawking & Lou Gehrig |
| The main difference between transient ischemic attacks and a stroke are: | lasting neurologic deficits |
| mucosal thickening most commonly in the paranasal sinuses (maxillary) | Sinusitis |
| Complications of sinusitis can lead to all of the following pathological conditions, except | pituitary adenomas |
| T/F Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that contain both cystic and solid components and usually occur in patients younger that 30 years of age. | false, younger than 20 |
| T/F The most common location of surgically treatable arteriosclerotic disease causing TIAs is the region of the carotid bifurcation in the neck | true |
| a collection of glands that produce/secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth & development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, and sleep | endocrine system |
| low or inadequate amount | hypoactive |
| high or excess amount | hyperactive |
| enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by increase in the reproduction rate of its cells | hyperplasia |
| excess of growth hormone after the growth plates have closed | acromegaly |
| excess growth or height in children | gigantism |
| high blood sugar levels | hyperglycemia |
| What does the adrenal cortex produce? | cortisol, aldosterone, & androgens |
| Helps regulate metabolism & respond to stress | cortisol |
| Helps control BP | aldosterone |
| sex hormones | androgens |
| What does the adrenal medulla produce? | epinephrine & norepinephrine |
| aka adrenaline; regulates cardiac and glucose | epinephrine |
| regulates cardiac, glucose, & muscle contraction | norepinephrine |
| Occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time | Cushing's syndrome |
| What are symptoms of Cushing syndrome? | obesity, moon-shaped face, buffalo hump, fatigue, bone loss, & increased urination (usually 20+) |
| Abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones characterized by masculinization of women; causes ambiguous genital's in women, enlarged penis in men, & accelerates skeletal maturation = dwarfism | Adrenogenital Syndrome |
| A rare tumor that produces an excess of vasopressor substances (epinephrine & norepinephrine causing HTN; round, oval mass (meatball); are BENIGN | Pheochromocytoma |
| Cancer that starts in early forms of nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus (1:3 starts in adrenal gland); the 2nd most common malignancy in child (0-5), highly malignant | Neuroblastoma |
| What gland is known as the master gland? | pituitary gland |
| Hormones secreted by this gland control the level of most glandular activity throughout the body | pituitary gland |
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, Prolactin (milk production), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) | anterior lobe |
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ADH & oxytocin (for muscle contractions? | posterior lobe |
| A condition due to the primary hypersecretion of pituitary hormones causing gigantism & acromegaly | Hyperpituitarism |
| Occurs when the body can’t regulate how it handles fluid due to low levels of ADH; Increase in thirst and dilution of urine | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth & development through the rate of metabolism (produces T3 & T4) | Thyroid gland |
| Commonly develops as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland; not all cause symptoms such as swelling and cough | Goiter |
| Encapsulated tumors that vary greatly in size & usually compress adjacent tissue; cause deviation or compression of the trachea, & may extend into superior mediastinum | Thyroid Adenoma |
| These glands secrete PTH = responsible for regulating the blood levels of calcium & phosphate | Parathyroid glands |
| Common endocrine disorder in which the pancreas fails to secrete insulin or target cells fail to respond to this hormone | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Onset of diabetes mellitus that develops in children & requires daily insulin injections | Juvenile |
| Develops later in life & can be controlled by diet alone | Non-insulin dependent |
| T/F The pituitary gland secretes several different types of steroid hormones including: mineralocorticoids, androgens, glucocorticoids. | false |
| Is the 2nd most common malignancy in children | neuroblastoma |
| Excess production of this hormones in Cushing's syndrome may be attributable to generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, or it may be the result of a functioning adrenal or even nonadrenal tumor. | glucocorticoid |
| All of the following are diseases of the adrenal cortex: | aldosteronism, hypoadrenalism, & adrenal carcinoma |
| Common treatments for endocrine system disease include all of the following | surgical resection, hormone replacement therapy, & chemotherapy |
| The best imaging modality/ exam for demonstrating both functioning and nonfunctioning thyroid tissue is? | radioactive iodine scanning |
| What is the name for an enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process? | goiter |
| What are the 5 functions of bones? | 1. supporting framework of the body 2. protect vital organs 3. muscle contraction & joint movement 4. red bone marrow produce blood cells 5. maintain calcium levels |
| Disruption of bone caused by mechanical forces applied either directly to the bone or transmitted along the shaft of the bone | fractures |
| What are 3 signs that a fracture has occurred? | joint effusion, soft tissue swelling, & interruption of bony trabeculae |
| A fracture that results in discontinuity between 2 or more fragments | complete Fx |
| Partial discontinuity with a portion of the cortex remaining | incomplete Fx |
| the overlying skin is intact | closed Fx |
| Overlying skin is disrupted | compound/open fracture |
| Runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone | Transverse Fx |
| runs approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone | Oblique Fx |
| Encircles the shaft, generally longer than an oblique fracture; caused by a twisting motion | Spiral Fx |
| Generally small fragments torn from bony prominences | Avulsion Fx |
| Composed of more than 2 fragments | Comminuted Fx |
| Elongated triangular fragment of cortical bone | Butterfly Fx |
| Consists of a segment of the shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of a fracture | Segmental Fx |
| Results from compression forces that causes compaction of bone trabeculae | Compression Fx |
| A portion of bone displaced inward on skull or tibial plateau | Depressed Fx |
| Response of bone to repeated stresses (runners 2nd & 3rd metatarsals) | Stressed/fatigue Fx |
| Occurs in bone weakened by some preexisting condition. | Pathologic Fx |
| Incomplete fracture with the opposite cortex intact | Greenstick Fx |
| One cortex is intact buckling or compaction of opposite | Torus/Buckle |
| Plastic deformation caused by a stress that is too great to permit complete recovery of normal shape | Bowing |
| Occurs when a plane of cleavage exists in the bone w/o angulation or separation | Undisplaced/non-displaced |
| Separation of bone fragments | Displacement |
| Angular deformity between the axes of the major fragments | Angulation |
| Displacement of a bone that is no longer in contact with its normal articulation | Dislocation |
| Only partial loss of continuity of the joint surfaces | Subluxation |
| How many views are needed and at what degree difference for trauma? | 2 views 90 degrees from each other |
| Healing of fracture fragments in a faulty position | Malunion |
| any fracture that takes longer to heal than an average fracture (caused by diabetes/smoking) | Delayed union |
| Fracture healing process has completely stopped, fragments remain ununited | Nonunion |
| Best exam for battered child syndrome? | skeletal survey |
| wrist fracture from fall on outstretched hand | Colle's Fx |
| most common carpal bone fracture | Navicular/Scaphoid Fx |
| fracture to 5th metacarpal usually from resulting blow of fist | Boxer's Fx |
| transverse fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal; caused by stepping off curb or falling while walking stairs | Jone's Fx |
| T/F Most shoulder dislocations are anterior. | True (95%) |
| T/F Most hip dislocations are posterior. | True (80%-90%) |
| fracture & displacement of the ring of atlas, fracture of dens | Jefferson Fx |
| anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 (MVC) | Hangman's Fx |
| Is the major cause of severe acute or chronic of recurring low back and leg pain (with lumbar intervertebral disks) | Protrusion/Herniation |
| Twisting & curvature in the lateral perspective of the spine (S curves, more than 20 degrees) | Scoliosis |
| Problem with scoliosis outside the spine (leg lenght) | functional scoliosis |
| vertebra fail to form completely or separate appropriately | neuromuscular scoliosis |
| Cleft in the pars interarticular that is situated between the superior & inferior articular process | Spondylosis & Spondylothesis |
| This position shows spondylolisthesis demonstrate the lucent cleft in the pars interarticularis | lateral lumbar |
| This position demonstrates spondylolysis which appears as a fractured scotty dog neck | oblique lumbar |
| A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly | Spina Bifida |
| Mild/insignificant form of spina bifida; splitting of bony canal at L5-S1/tuft of hair) | Spina Bifida Occulta |
| Type of spina bifida with large defects with herniation of meninges | Meningocele |
| Type of spina bifida with large defects with herniation of meninges and a portion of spinal cord & nerve roots | Myelomengicolee |
| aka marble bone; a rare hereditary bone dysplasia that prevents bone marrow from forming; bones become very brittle and stress fractures occur often | Osteopetrosis |
| aka brittle bone; an inherited disorder of connective tissues, characterized by multiple fxs, & an unusual blue color sclera; Due to imperfectly formed or inadequate bone collagen (Adults generally wheelchair bound) | Osteogenesis Imperfecta |
| What is seen when imaging osteogenesis imperfecta? | bizarre deformities (may mimic child abuse) & lower kVp due to bone loss |
| How is Osteomalacia and rickets treated? | doses of vitamin D with calcium supplements |
| This disease is the most common chronic metabolic disease of the skeleton & has a cotton wool appearance on radiograph | Paget's Disease |
| Generally occurs in the end of a long bone in metaphysis (knee; between ages 10-25); usually given 5 year survival rate | Osteogenic Sarcoma |
| Malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin a new or within a preexisting cartilaginous lesion; commonly occurs in long bones, often originates from ribs, scapula, or vertebrae (age 35-60) | Chondrosarcoma |
| Primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones; tumor cells invade cortical bone & spread to soft tissue | Ewing's Sarcoma |
| A widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, & recurrent infections (ages 40-70) | Multiple Myeloma |
| Image shows multiple punched out osteolytic lesions on lateral skull indicates? | multiple myeloma |
| A radiograph of a tear drop on a coronal CT, AP skull or waters x-ray indicates? | blowout fracture |
| Radiographic appearance of a snowman? | pituitary adenoma |
| Infection causing a collection of pus between the dura & arachnoid | subdural empyema |
| Microorganism infection of gray and white matter; risk factors include compromised immune systems (AIDs & cancer) | brain abscess |
| Stages of a brain abscess: | encephalitis, localization, enlargements, & rupture (terminal) |
| Infectious process above the dura & beneath the inner skull table | epidural empyema |
| What is used to treat most CNS infections? | craniotomy & broad spectrum antibiotics |
| An infection of the bone or bone marrow, typically caused by bacteria or sometimes fungus | Osteomyelitis of the skull |
| T/F A hangman's fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. | True |
| To demonstrate a herniation of an intervertebral disk a ____________ study is recommended. | CT myelogram |
| Fat pad sign is a radiographic finding of a _____________ fracture. | Elbow |
| The most common injury to the foot is a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal called a ___________ fracture | Jones |
| The most common cause of osteoporosis is: | hormone changes |
| T/F Multiple myeloma is an additive disease, and as such kVp and mAs should be increased | False |
| Most common reason why we x-ray: | trauma |
| Appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells | dendrites |
| Causes of such disease are poorly understood, is a combination of genetic & environmental factors | thyroid carcinomas |
| What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma, it is slow growing & localized? (75%-80%) | Papillary |
| This thyroid carcinoma usually occurs in women over 50, early hematogenous spread (lungs & bone); 15% | Follicular |
| This thyroid carcinoma is familial, most often appearing as a component of a syndrome in which there are multiple endocrine tumors | Medullary |
| An example of a malignant bone tumor is: | Osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma |
| Bacterial meningitis is most commonly caused by ____ in children. | Haemophilus |
| A CT head w/o done after a patient arrives with stroke symptoms is done to rule out? | Intracranial hemorrhage |
| Thickening of heel pads is a radiographic finding in patients diagnosed with: | Hyperpituitarism |
| Common stroke symptoms include: | hemiplegia, hemiparesis, & dysarthria |
| The most common complication & leading cause of death in diabetic patients is: | Renal disease |
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