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Diseases Thyroid

MEDOP 230- Endocrinology: Diseases of the thyroid gland

GlandDiseaseDefinitonNoteSymptomTreatment
Thyroid Hyperthyroidism Condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too much T3 and T4. • Caused by a nodule in the thyroid gland or an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland. • Most common form is Graves disease - antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland and lead to increased production of T3 and T4. • Symptoms include tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, restlessness, nervousness, diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, goiter, dry eyes, and slow eyelid closing. • Treatment involves antithyroid drugs and/or thyroidectomy followed by radiation therapy or administration of radioactive iodine.
Thyroid Goiter (thyromegaly) Chronic, progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland; • caused by thyroid cancer, chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland/lack of iodine. •too little iodine in diet, thyroid gland enlarges to help it capture more iodine; the result is known as a simple goiter, nontoxic goiter, or endemic goiter.
Thyroid Adenomatous goiters or nodular goiters are caused by (usually benign) growths in the thyroid gland.
Thyroid A multinodular goiter involves many nodules.
Thyroid Hypothyroidism Condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too little T3 and T4. • Usually caused by iodine deficiency. • May result from a congenital defect or Hashimoto thyroiditis (an autoimmune disorder in which the body makes anti-thyroid antibodies). • Symptoms include fatigue, low body temperature, dry hair and skin, constipation, and weight gain. • Severe cases- myxedema, tingling in hands and feet, lack of menstruation, hair loss, enlarged heart and tongue, slow speech, and mental impairment.
Thyroid Thyroid carcinoma Cancerous or malignant tumor of the thyroid gland. • Causes enlargement of the thyroid gland with hoarseness and neck pain. • Usually slow growing and has a high cure rate.
Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism Condition in which hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone moves too much calcium from the bones into the blood. • Movement of calcium causes hypercalcemia and bone fragility. • Other symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, depression, and kidney stones.
Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Condition in which hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia. • Usually caused by accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy. • Symptoms include nerve irritability, skeletal muscle cramps, and spasms.
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