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Diabetes Mellitus

MEDOP 230- Endocrinology: Diabetes Mellitus

TypeDefinitionNoteTreatment
Type 1 *insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)* the pancreas secretes no insulin and the patient must receive insulin injections. • Sometimes known as juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus because it develops during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. • Is an autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against the islets of Langerhans. requires drug therapy with insulin.
Type 1.5 *latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)* the pancreas still secretes some insulin—just not enough. • Similar to type 1 diabetes in that it is an autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against the pancreas. treated similarly to type 2, although insulin will more likely be required.
Type 2 *non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)/adult- onset diabetes mellitus (ADDM)* insulin secretion is decreased because the patient is obese and has developed insulin resistance. • Is not the result of an autoimmune disorder. typically managed with oral antidiabetic drugs and occasionally insulin.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Occurs in some women during pregnancy, when increased levels of estradiol and progesterone block the action of insulin resolves upon delivery of the baby.
Oral antidiabetic drugs stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin, so they do not work for patients with type 1 DM.
Complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Condition in which a high level of acidic substances called ketones accumulates in the blood because the body metabolizes fat rather than glucose this lowers the blood pH and can lead to diabetic coma.
Complication: Diabetic neuropathy Decreased or abnormal sensation in the extremities due to damage to the myelin sheaths around nerves.
Complication: Diabetic nephropathy Condition in which high levels of glucose and ketones cause degenerative changes in the nephrons of the kidneys can lead to kidney failure.
Complication: Diabetic retinopathy Degenerative changes in the retina due to the local effect of excess glucose and ketones also involves formation of fragile blood vessels that rupture easily.
Complication: Atherosclerosis Formation of fatty deposits and plaques in the arteries process is accelerated in patients with DM because of abnormalities in fat metabolism.
Complication: Impotence Difficulty achieving an erection may occur as a result of nerve damage and atherosclerosis.
Complication: Foot injury Patients with DM are at increased risk due to poor eyesight and decreased sensation. • Wound healing is slow because of poor blood flow and high blood glucose. • Small injuries may progress to ulcers or gangrene.
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