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Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what forms a movement | muscles and bones together |
| movementwhat determines movement | where the muscle attatches and type of joint |
| what are the three types of muscular tissue | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| what type of muscle is striated, voluntary, and has limited regenerative properties | skeletal |
| what type of muscle is striated, involuntary, and has some regenerative properties | cardiac |
| What type of muscle is non-striated, involuntary, and has the best chance for regeneration | smooth |
| what are the functions of muscular tissue | producing body movements, stabilizing body positions, regulating organ volume, moving substances in the body, and producing heat |
| what are the two types of connective tissue that hold muscle together | superficial fascia, deep fascia |
| what wraps around the entire muscle | epimysium |
| what are muscle fibers called | fasciles |
| what surrounds 10-100 bundles of fasciles | perimysium |
| what wraps an individual muscle fiber | endomysium |
| what forms our tendons | epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium |
| what is histology | how do muscles work |
| what is a sarcomere | the basic functional unit of striated muscle |
| what gives us energy for muscle contractions | creatine phosphate, glycolosis, aerobic cellular respiration |
| what do we do at rest? | build up ATP in the form of creatine phosphate |
| what is needed for quick energy in short bursts | phosphate transfer from ADP to make ATP |
| when does creatine contribute significantly to ATP replenishment | first few seconds of intense activity |
| how much creatine does an adult need | 2 grams a day |
| what does ingesting creatine supplements do | slows the bodies production of some molecules |
| what is our first energy source | creatine phosphate |
| what is our second energy source | glycolosis |
| what does glycolisis do | makes 2 ATP by breaking down a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid |
| is glycolosis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic in the sarcoplasm |
| how long does glycolosis energy last | about 1 minute |
| what is our third source of energy | cellular respiration |
| is cellular aerobic or anaerobic | aerobic in mitochondria |
| what is the source of the oxygen needed for cellular respiration | blood and myoglobin |
| what does myoglobin do | grabs O2 when it is abundant, releases it when its scarce |
| where is myoglobin an O2 binder | in muscle cells |
| how many ATPs does glycolosis provide | 2 |
| how many ATPs does cellular respiration provide | 36 for each glucose |
| what type of energy is used for sustained excersice | cellular respiration |
| what happens when O2 is low | fermentation (anaerobic) occurs |
| what does fermentation do | converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid |
| what happens during muscle fatigue | lowered release of Ca2+, keeps pH where it should be |
| what is oxygen needed for | convert lactic acid back to glycogen, make creatine phosphate, refill myoglobin |
| what provides the total tension of muscle | the number of fibers involved |
| what encompases a twitch contraction | latent period, contraction period, relaxation period |
| when does the latent period occur | between muscle stimulus |
| what happens during the latent period | calcium is being released and the myosin heads start to bind to actin |
| what happens during the contraction period | repetitive power strokes occur increasing tension and force |
| what happens during the relaxation period | calcium ion is reducing and being returned to the sarcoplasm |
| what stimulation is the strongest | the 2nd stimulation is stronger then the first, and so on (called wave summation) |
| what happens during unfused tenatus | lots of calcium ion is being released from sarcoplasm, making the waves more level, and no relaxation, can lead to muscle cramps |
| how many stimuli/second constitute fused tenatus | 90 |
| what happens during motor unit recruitment | neurons fire asynchronoly (at different times), some relaxing, some contracting, all smooth |
| what are precise movements controlled by | small motor units |
| what are the three types of skeletal muscle | slow oxidative fibers (SO), fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG), fast glycolitic fibers (FG) |
| what type of skeletal muscle is small, dark, has lots of myoglobin and mitochondria, makes ATP aerobically, has slow contractors, and is hard to fatigue | Slow oxidative fibers (SO) |
| what type of skeletal muscle is intermediate in size, has lots of myoglobin, makes ATP aerobically, and has a moderate fatigue rate | fast oxidative glycolitic fibers (FOG) |
| what type of skeletal muscle is white, large, generates the most powerful rapid contractions, has little myoglobin, few mitochondria, large amounts of glycogen, short quick movements, and fatigues the quickest | fast glycolitic fibers (FG) |
| how many fibers in a muscle group are slow oxidative | about half |
| what muscular groups have lots of slow oxidative muscles | postural muscles |
| what type of muscles are fast glycolitic | muscles we use alot |
| what types of skeletal muscles are in our legs | slow oxidative and fast oxidative glycolitic |
| what happens during and isometric contraction | no change in muscle length during contraction but lots of tension generated; no movement |
| what happens during an isotonic contracion | change in muscle length, movement |
| are most movements generally isometric or isotonic | generally both |
| what determines the ratio of fast to slow twitch muscle fibers | genetics |
| who has a higher ratio of FG/SO | sprinters, weight lifters |
| who has a higher ratio of SO/FG | endurance athletes |
| what does strength training do | increases fiber size and thickness of the thin and thick filaments |
| what do anabolic steroids do | increase muscle fiber strength and size, but damage the liver, heart and kidney, cause mood swings, testicle atrophy, and baldness |
| what do steroids do in females | cause breast and uterus reduction, menstrual irregularities, sterility, facial hair, and deep voice |
| what are the features of cardiac muscle | shorter then skeletal muscle, branched and large in diameter, single nucleus, intercalated disks for communication |
| what do intercalated disks do | hold fibers together, gap junctions allow for fast nerve conduction |
| why do skeletal muscles twitch | because of a nerve impulse and release of acetylcholine |
| why do hearts beat | because of an internal pace maker |
| what is autorhythmicity | built in or intrinsic beat, needs lots of CO2 and mitochondria, and uses lactic acid to make ATP |
| what is a persons average beats per minute | 75 |
| where is smooth muscle tissue found | internal organs and blood vessels |
| what are the features of smooth muscle tissue | involuntary, small tapered, one nuclei |
| what does smooth muscle contain | intermediate filaments that overlap to appear striated |
| what are the two types of smooth muscle | visceral and multiunit |
| where is visceral smooth muscle found | in sheets in the small arteries, and hollow organs |
| where is multiunit smooth muscle found | large arteries and the lungs, |
| what are the features of multiunit smooth muscle | stays in constant contraction, can stretch and return |
| what happens to skeletal muscle as we age | its mass is replaced with adipose tissue |
| what do tendons do | attatch muscle to bone |
| what do muscles cross | joints |
| what do muscles do in terms of bones | draw one bone to the other |
| where is the origin of a muscle | attatched to the bone that does not move |
| where is the muscle insertion | attatched to the movable bone |
| where is the muscle belly | bulging part of the muscle |
| what occurs during tendonitis | fluid accumulation from repetitive movements |
| what are prime movers/agonists | muscle that causes the motion |
| what is the antagonist | muscle that relaxes when the prime mover flexes |
| what do synergists do | increase efficiency by reducing unnecessary moves |
| what do fixators do | stabilize joints |
| what is the neuromuscular junction | synapse between a motor neuron's axon terminal and motor end plate of a muscle fiber |
| what is the motor end plate | region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal |
| what happens in the neuromuscular junction | acetocholine binds to ion channels, opens them, sodium flows in, this causes action potential |
| what happens to muscle action potential | it travels down transverse tubules of muscle fiber |
| what are transverse tubules | inward folds of the sarcolema |
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